Research Article
Pain in Solid and Clean Fuel Using Households
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study participants by cooking fuel types in 2011.
| | Variables | Clean fuels | Solid fuels | Total | value | | | |
| | Number of pain sites, median (IQR) | 0 (1) | 0 (2) | 0 (2) | <0.001‡ | | Age, mean (SD) | 56.2 (7.7) | 57.7 (7.7) | 57.1 (7.7) | 0.901 | | Gender, (%) | | | | 0.595† | | Male | 1774 (48.2%) | 2477 (47.6%) | 4251 (47.9%) | | | Female | 1906 (51.8%) | 2723 (52.4%) | 4629 (52.1%) | | | Education level, (%) | | | | <0.001† | | Less than lower secondary | 3011 (81.8%) | 4874 (93.7%) | 7885 (88.8%) | | | Upper secondary & vocational training | 574 (15.6%) | 311 (6.0%) | 885 (10.0%) | | | Tertiary | 95 (2.6%) | 15 (0.3%) | 110 (1.2%) | | | Marital status, (%) | | | | 0.536† | | No | 302 (8.2%) | 446 (8.6%) | 748 (8.4%) | | | Yes | 3378 (91.8%) | 4754 (91.4%) | 8132 (91.6%) | | | Residence, (%) | | | | <0.001† | | Urban community | 2001 (54.4%) | 990 (19.0%) | 2991 (33.7%) | | | Rural village | 1679 (45.6%) | 4210 (81.0%) | 5889 (66.3%) | | | Currently working, (%) | | | | <0.001† | | No | 1342 (36.5%) | 1279 (24.6%) | 2621 (29.5%) | | | Yes | 2338 (63.5%) | 3921 (75.4%) | 6259 (70.5%) | | | Smoking status, (%) | | | | 0.001† | | Never | 2306 (62.7%) | 3072 (59.1%) | 5378 (60.6%) | | | Ever or current | 1374 (37.3%) | 2128 (40.9%) | 3502 (39.4%) | | | Alcohol consumption, (%) | | | | 0.496† | | Never | 2233 (60.7%) | 3118 (60.0%) | 5351 (60.3%) | | | Ever or current | 1447 (39.3%) | 2082 (40.0%) | 3529 (39.7%) | | | Number of diseases, (%) | | | | <0.001† | | 0 | 1297 (35.2%) | 1650 (31.7%) | 2947 (33.2%) | | | 1 | 1117 (30.4%) | 1555 (29.9%) | 2672 (30.1%) | | | >1 | 1266 (34.4%) | 1995 (38.4%) | 3261 (36.7%) | | | Household consumption expenditure, (%) | | | | <0.001† | | First quartile (lowest) | 526 (14.3%) | 1694 (32.6%) | 2220 (25.0%) | | | Second quartile | 801 (21.8%) | 1422 (27.3%) | 2223 (25.0%) | | | Third quartile | 1008 (27.4%) | 1210 (23.3%) | 2218 (25.0%) | | | Fourth quartile (highest) | 1345 (36.5%) | 874 (16.8%) | 2219 (25.0%) | | | Number of people living in the household, (%) | | | | 0.003† | | 1 | 131 (3.6%) | 179 (3.4%) | 310 (3.5%) | | | 2 | 1056 (28.7%) | 1666 (32.0%) | 2722 (30.7%) | | | >2 | 2493 (67.7%) | 3355 (64.5%) | 5848 (65.9%) | | | Heating fuels, (%) | | | | <0.001† | | Clean fuels | 1810 (49.2%) | 443 (8.5%) | 2253 (25.4%) | | | Solid fuels | 1279 (34.8%) | 3984 (76.6%) | 5263 (59.3%) | | | Others | 591 (16.1%) | 773 (14.9%) | 1364 (15.4%) | |
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Abbreviations: IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation. ‡Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests; ANOVA: analysis of variance; †Pearson’s chi-square test. |
