Research Article
Mid-Epidemic Forecasts of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths: A Bivariate Model Applied to the UK
Table 1
Estimations according to timing of cross-validation period (M is days after start of epidemic).
| Parameter | Poisson-gamma | Poisson-lognormal | Poisson-log-Student | Mean | 2.5% | Median | 97.5% | Mean | 2.5% | Median | 97.5% | Mean | 2.5% | Median | 97.5% |
| M = 80 | Kc | 373800 | 151800 | 210500 | 1172000 | 170200 | 135900 | 153200 | 289000 | 198800 | 135100 | 177200 | 336600 | Kd | 32920 | 25070 | 32080 | 45560 | 33220 | 24180 | 32390 | 46770 | 35780 | 17950 | 29060 | 91460 | rc | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.18 | rd | 0.82 | 0.44 | 0.75 | 1.51 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.67 | 1.81 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.46 | ac | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.53 | 1.06 | 1.79 | ad | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 0.20 | 0.63 | 1.75 | Φ | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.40 | τc | 76.2 | 72 | 75 | 80 | 72.5 | 70.0 | 72.0 | 80.0 | 76.1 | 73.0 | 75.0 | 80.0 | τd | 74.5 | 71 | 74 | 79 | 74.7 | 71.0 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 75.8 | 71.0 | 76.0 | 80.0 |
| M = 100 | Kc | 271040 | 243490 | 268820 | 310190 | 262700 | 245700 | 261100 | 284000 | 295800 | 223800 | 276400 | 453200 | Kd | 37395 | 35097 | 37274 | 40538 | 37040 | 34470 | 36920 | 40340 | 38740 | 32290 | 37610 | 53060 | rc | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.27 | rd | 1.51 | 0.63 | 1.21 | 4.01 | 1.27 | 0.48 | 1.06 | 2.88 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 1.12 | ac | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.46 | 0.83 | ad | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.62 | Φ | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.20 | τc | 79.4 | 78 | 79 | 82 | 79.0 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 83.1 | 78 | 82 | 97 | τd | 76.2 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 76.1 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77.6 | 75 | 77 | 83 |
| M = 120 | Kc | 302800 | 295900 | 302300 | 312100 | 303100 | 293900 | 302700 | 317100 | 349100 | 282000 | 321300 | 549100 | Kd | 40670 | 39670 | 40630 | 41890 | 40370 | 39410 | 40330 | 41560 | 41050 | 38580 | 40770 | 45020 | rc | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.80 | rd | 1.87 | 0.65 | 1.50 | 5.38 | 1.57 | 0.67 | 1.52 | 2.82 | 0.94 | 0.34 | 0.78 | 2.35 | ac | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.69 | ad | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.22 | Φ | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.15 | τc | 81.0 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 81.2 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 85.6 | 82 | 84 | 99 | τd | 77.3 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 77.1 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 77.9 | 77 | 78 | 79 |
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