Research Article

Mid-Epidemic Forecasts of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths: A Bivariate Model Applied to the UK

Table 1

Estimations according to timing of cross-validation period (M is days after start of epidemic).

ParameterPoisson-gammaPoisson-lognormalPoisson-log-Student
Mean2.5%Median97.5%Mean2.5%Median97.5%Mean2.5%Median97.5%

M = 80
Kc3738001518002105001172000170200135900153200289000198800135100177200336600
Kd329202507032080455603322024180323904677035780179502906091460
rc0.310.220.270.580.240.190.230.300.120.080.130.18
rd0.820.440.751.510.800.380.671.810.290.170.280.46
ac0.310.070.320.600.540.210.550.891.060.531.061.79
ad0.130.050.120.260.140.040.130.330.750.200.631.75
Φ0.130.030.150.250.210.100.200.310.180.090.160.40
τc76.272758072.570.072.080.076.173.075.080.0
τd74.571747974.771.075.080.075.871.076.080.0

M = 100
Kc271040243490268820310190262700245700261100284000295800223800276400453200
Kd373953509737274405383704034470369204034038740322903761053060
rc0.300.220.300.380.260.220.260.330.180.130.170.27
rd1.510.631.214.011.270.481.062.880.550.220.491.12
ac0.250.170.240.420.280.200.280.370.460.200.460.83
ad0.070.020.060.130.080.020.070.170.200.060.150.62
Φ0.140.120.140.160.140.130.140.160.140.080.130.20
τc79.478798279.078798083.1788297
τd76.275767776.175767777.6757783

M = 120
Kc302800295900302300312100303100293900302700317100349100282000321300549100
Kd406703967040630418904037039410403304156041050385804077045020
rc0.380.300.360.510.340.250.320.490.400.110.450.80
rd1.870.651.505.381.570.671.522.820.940.340.782.35
ac0.160.110.160.210.180.110.180.240.270.040.300.69
ad0.050.010.040.110.050.020.040.100.090.030.080.22
Φ0.130.130.130.140.130.130.130.140.120.070.130.15
τc81.080818281.281818285.6828499
τd77.377777877.177777877.9777879