Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy

Table 2

Fast reserve requirements influencing BESS dynamic response.

Key	Value	Notes
Dead band (level #1)	±20 MHz
Full activation (levelSAT)	±150 MHz
Emergency threshold (level #2)	±180 MHz	Above this threshold, fade-out is disabled.
Fade-out trigger	30 s	In case the Δf remains this time within level #1 and #2, a power deramping starts.
Fade-out duration	300 s
Maximum energy delivered	15 equivalent minutes	In 2 hours, this is the maximum energy content that can be requested to the FRU.