Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy

Table 3

Reference parameters used in economics evaluation for the case study.

Key	Value	Unit	Reference
CAPEX on nominal energy (ke)	300	k€/MWh	[12, 33]
CAPEX on nominal power (kp)	150	k€/MW	[33]
OPEX	5	k€/MW/year	[12, 35]
DAM price	60	€/MWh	[36]
Bill cost	200	€/MWh	[37]
Injection price	0	€/MWh	Worst case based on [34]
FR revenues (RFR)	Based on auctioned bid	k€/MW/year
BM revenues (RBM)	Based on market model	€/MWh
Fee on FR nonperformance	% of capacity-based payment	k€/MW/year	[10]
Fee on BM nonperformance	100	€/MWh	[34]
Actualization rate®	5	%