Operation Optimization of Integrated Energy System considering Power-to-Gas Technology and Carbon Trading

Table 4

Energy chain carbon emission coefficient.

Types of energies	Production	Transportation	Consumption	Carbon emission coefficient (kg/kW·h)
Natural gas	√	√	√	0.5647
Wind power	√	√	—	0.043
Solar energy	√	√	—	0.1545
Heat energy	√	√	√	1.303
Energy storage	√	√	—	0.09133

Comments: √ represents the existence of carbon emission in the system, and —represents no carbon emission in the system.