A Novel Proposed Algorithm to Enhance the Overcurrent Relays’ Performance in Active Distribution Networks

Table 4

PCSS angle for all relays at normal operation (case 2).

Relay number	PSCC angle	Flow direction
R1	124.1610	Forward
R2	124.1679	Forward
R3	123.0042	Forward
R4	115.7648	Forward
R5	114.2543	Forward
R6	111.6414	Forward
R7	98.21968	Forward
R8	24.69574	Forward
R9	−29.6059	Reverse
R10	−33.1408	Reverse
R11	−36.4600	Reverse
R12	−39.3560	Reverse
R13	−41.4905	Reverse
R14	131.8906	Forward
R15	130.2809	Forward
R16	129.6603	Forward
R17	128.2808	Forward
R18	128.1673	Forward
R19	128.1388	Forward
R20	128.1286	Forward
R21	128.1181	Forward
R22	127.4158	Forward
R23	127.1179	Forward
R24	127.0909	Forward
R25	122.6414	Forward
R26	120.1087	Forward
R27	82.25281	Forward
R28	−34.9689	Reverse
R29	−49.7763	Reverse
R30	−60.4110	Reverse
R31	126.0625	Forward
R32	122.3451	Forward