Research Article

Investigation on Energy Flow Performance of a Photovoltaic/Battery-Based Isolated Charging Station for Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles

Figure 4

The five modes of operation of the charging station are described as follows: (a) mode 1 (PV charges EVs), (b) mode 2 (SBESS charges EVs), (c) mode 3 (PV charges SBESS), (d) mode 4 (PV charges both EVs and SBESS), and (e) mode 5 (both PV and SBESS charge multiple EVs).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)