Investigation on Energy Flow Performance of a Photovoltaic/Battery-Based Isolated Charging Station for Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles

Table 1

Comparison with related work.

Comparative items	Reference [2]	Reference [37]	Reference [38]	Proposed work
Design for charging EVs	Studied (rare details for 3 EVs)	Studied (rare details for 5 EVs)	Studied (few details for 1 EV)	Studied (all details for 10 EVs at the same time and 30 EVs/day)
System configuration	Grid connection	Grid connection	Standalone	Standalone
System efficiency	Not considered	Not calculated	Not calculated	Calculated
Charging profile	CCM and CVM (the best)	CC (the worst)	Stepped-CC (improved)	CCCV (the best)
Charging speed	Fast (≈2 hr)	Moderate (≈4–6 hr)	Not mentioned	Moderate (5 hr)
DC voltage regulation	Good	Not mentioned	Worst	Excellent
^#Modes	Three modes	Unspecified	Three modes	Five modes