Range-Anxiety Reduction Strategies for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle

Table 3

Various energy storage performance and a specification comparison table with the effect of cost.

Energy element	Efficiency of energy (%)	Lifespan (cycles)	Energy specification (Wh/kg)	Market price (US$/kW)	Density of power (W/kg)	Literature
PEMFC	45–66%	2500−5000 hrs	—	40–53	1000–1600	[172, 177, 178], [208–210]
Li-ion	85–95	2000	180–300	100–150	1000–3000	[211–213]
SC	>95%	1M	4.1–6.0	33.5–43.6	10,000–14,000	[166, 169, 205, 206]