A Bi-Level Optimization Model for Flexible Capacity Allocation with Coordinated Planning and Operation

Table 1

Unit costs for various types of flexible resources.

Flexible resources	Unit investment cost (/MW)	Unit operating cost (/MWh)
Gas units	40	0.66
Coal-fired units	500	0.32
Thermal power unit flexibility retrofit	120	0
Hydro	1000	0
Pumped hydro storage	800	0.06
ESS	150	0.045
Interruptable load	100	0.66