Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in MMC-HVDC Systems: Integrating Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning Methods

Table 1

Fault classifier ANN outputs for different faults (Table 1 is reproduced from Jamil et al. [39]).

Phases
Fault type	A	B	C	Ground
AG	1	0	0	1
BG	0	1	0	1
CG	0	0	1	1
AB	1	1	0	0
BC	0	1	1	0
AC	1	0	1	0
ABG	1	1	0	1
BCG	0	1	1	1
ACG	1	0	1	1
ABC	1	1	1	0
DC	1	1	1	1