Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in MMC-HVDC Systems: Integrating Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning Methods

Table 3

The suggested method’s accuracy, Jaccard, sensitivity, precision, and F1 scores.

Method	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Precision	Jaccard	F1 score
GA	97.33	97.35	97.45	96.89	97.64
PCA	95.23	95.12	95.34	93.36	95.24
PSO	97.79	97.25	97.68	95.69	97.90
SA	93.46	93.11	93.78	88.24	93.79
HHO	99.26	99.48	99.89	98.56	98.68