Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in MMC-HVDC Systems: Integrating Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning Methods

Table 4

Comparison between proposed method and other studies.

Method	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Precision
Gray wolf optimization [40]	99.00	99.24	98.74
Ant colony based on wavelet transform [41]	99.45	99.13	99.77
Particle swarm optimization [42]	98.74	98.5	97.85
Cat swarm optimization [42]	98.58	98.01	97.51
HHO	99.26	99.48	99.89