Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in MMC-HVDC Systems: Integrating Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning Methods

Table 5

Quantitative comparison.

Metric	Proposed technique	Existing technique
Accuracy	0.9901	95–98%
Specificity	0.9869	90–95%
F1 score	0.9864	92–95%
Sensitivity	0.9867	85–90%
Convergence time	Faster	Slower
Data requirements	Moderate	High
Computational complexity	Moderate	High