Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in MMC-HVDC Systems: Integrating Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning Methods

Table 6

Qualitative comparison.

Feature	Harris Hawks Optimization	Existing techniques
Feature selection algorithm	HHO	Simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), principal component analysis (PCA)
Strengths	High accuracy, sensitivity, precision, Jaccard, and F1 score; adaptively selects the most informative features	Lower performance compared to HHO
Weaknesses	Computational and hardware requirements not explored	Lower accuracy, sensitivity, precision, Jaccard, and F1 score