Testing the Constraint Theory of Addiction: Cannabis Constraints Discriminate Users from Nonusers and Heavy from Light Users

Table 2

Pattern matrix from factor analysis (maximum likelihood with oblimin rotation).

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
It is against my family’s religion	−00.008	0.110	0.065	−0.012	0.196	−0.007	0.033	0.099	−0.088	0.098	0.326	0.016	−0.018	0.117	0.051
It is against my personal religious beliefs	0.009	0.080	0.073	−0.035	0.087	0.035	0.032	0.075	0.003	0.095	0.499	−0.051	−0.119	−0.002	0.054
It is illegal	0.130	−0.207	0.026	0.017	0.078	0.002	−0.069	0.003	0.009	0.068	0.141	0.520	0.005	−0.043	0.163
Intoxication is morally wrong	0.115	−0.033	−0.007	−0.063	0.016	−0.004	−0.008	−0.042	0.044	0.044	0.696	0.018	−0.055	−0.078	0.083
Consumerist, pleasure-seeking lifestyle	0.039	−0.024	0.077	0.066	−0.017	−0.039	−0.019	−0.074	0.010	−0.002	0.580	0.050	0.013	0.031	−0.017
Worthless dropout lifestyle	0.018	−0.148	−0.102	0.080	0.015	−0.053	−0.168	−0.111	0.189	−0.025	0.534	0.146	0.115	0.019	−0.130
Produced and sold by unscrupulous people	0.002	−0.198	0.087	−0.058	0.161	−0.109	0.035	−0.050	0.109	0.009	0.331	0.167	0.196	−0.029	0.012
Should not pollute one’s body	0.112	−0.111	0.093	−0.027	0.068	0.124	−0.021	−0.030	0.175	−0.033	0.526	−0.042	−0.028	0.031	−0.001
Some people disapprove	−0.029	−0.063	−0.106	−0.010	0.493	−0.002	−0.079	−0.071	−0.093	−0.018	0.106	0.355	−0.063	0.118	−0.074
Some people encourage inappropriately	0.046	0.091	−0.228	0.123	0.012	−0.073	0.011	−0.120	0.015	0.077	0.246	0.142	0.040	0.274	−0.179
Family or children disapprove	0.012	0.131	−0.100	−0.027	0.762	−0.003	−0.013	−0.069	−0.002	−0.037	0.021	0.184	−0.079	0.070	0.035
Close friends or partner disapprove	0.105	−0.146	0.058	−0.014	0.577	0.018	−0.031	−0.033	0.044	0.012	−0.030	−0.001	−0.033	0.078	0.016
Family or children disapprove of smoking	0.038	0.110	−0.017	0.002	0.797	−0.036	0.003	−0.037	−0.007	−0.035	0.011	0.124	0.026	−0.014	0.054
Close friends or partner disapprove of smoking	0.069	−0.162	0.087	0.015	0.659	−0.049	0.024	−0.037	0.166	0.007	−0.011	−0.028	0.059	−0.081	−0.033
I do not have time	−0.044	−0.114	0.093	0.103	0.070	−0.034	0.079	−0.680	0.011	0.000	0.041	−0.081	0.020	0.177	0.061
My schedule limits use	−0.030	0.152	0.042	−0.082	0.079	−0.092	0.078	−0.760	−0.205	0.046	−0.123	−0.013	0.029	0.064	0.011
I have important things to do	0.091	−0.004	−0.110	0.110	−0.008	0.044	−0.018	−0.675	0.056	0.015	0.112	0.053	−0.132	−0.114	0.066
It does not fit my lifestyle	0.151	−0.293	−0.009	0.157	0.027	0.075	−0.048	−0.244	0.363	0.047	0.111	0.031	−0.010	0.016	0.122
I do not know many users	0.120	−0.429	0.290	−0.055	0.073	−0.031	−0.055	−0.017	0.062	0.074	−0.089	0.166	0.014	0.087	−0.010
I do not know many people I would enjoy using with	0.165	−0.345	0.276	0.138	−0.001	−0.115	−0.030	−0.085	−0.010	0.058	−0.168	0.228	0.040	0.086	0.058
I want to keep my use private	−0.050	0.053	0.060	−0.082	−0.024	−0.105	0.113	−0.130	−0.093	0.031	−0.015	0.436	−0.063	0.130	−0.196
I mostly use when other people use	0.040	0.019	0.073	−0.001	0.099	−0.043	−0.086	−0.087	0.104	−0.044	0.029	−0.053	−0.047	0.603	−0.075
It does not really affect me	0.031	−0.259	0.133	−0.003	0.066	−0.075	0.029	0.037	0.032	0.023	0.047	−0.027	−0.015	0.311	−0.032
I do not enjoy the effects	−0.073	−0.246	−0.047	0.494	−0.062	0.107	−0.059	0.044	0.347	0.033	0.025	0.093	−0.090	0.111	0.099
I have experienced unpleasant effects	−0.009	0.089	−0.036	0.835	−0.076	0.027	0.008	−0.043	0.060	0.022	−0.094	0.094	−0.010	0.049	−0.008
I have experienced frightening or dangerous effects	0.052	−0.037	0.028	0.790	0.027	−0.044	−0.031	−0.054	−0.047	0.040	0.007	0.069	0.020	−0.078	−0.012
I prefer alcohol or other drugs	0.021	0.121	−0.022	0.218	−0.036	0.090	−0.081	0.004	0.289	0.188	−0.141	−0.043	0.000	0.390	0.170
I am laid back and do not need it	0.058	−0.117	0.115	−0.024	0.028	−0.037	−0.069	−0.110	0.489	0.010	0.034	−0.043	0.052	0.082	0.040
I use it mainly when stressed	−0.002	0.065	0.081	−0.116	−0.077	−0.103	0.487	−0.111	−0.046	0.016	−0.005	0.122	−0.018	0.119	−0.147
I use it mainly for pain	0.008	−0.043	−0.049	−0.038	−0.014	0.059	0.944	−0.075	0.053	0.010	−0.033	0.047	−0.014	−0.038	0.089
I use it mainly for a health condition	0.025	−0.017	−0.028	0.065	0.006	−0.039	0.831	0.028	0.066	−0.033	−0.003	−0.032	0.003	−0.073	0.040
I have found better ways to relax	0.013	0.019	−0.023	0.057	0.026	−0.071	0.083	0.055	0.810	0.071	0.030	−0.005	0.003	0.014	0.007
I have found better ways to have fun	0.042	0.077	0.043	−0.003	0.061	0.010	0.023	0.057	0.833	0.022	0.053	0.007	−0.077	0.111	−0.054
If I am not careful I will use too much	0.089	0.220	−0.010	0.007	0.123	−0.129	−0.008	−0.113	0.015	−0.027	−0.047	0.011	0.026	−0.097	−0.605
It could take over my life	0.427	0.061	−0.007	0.006	0.130	−0.096	−0.130	−0.111	0.097	0.000	0.152	−0.049	0.076	−0.273	−0.351
I appreciate it more if I use less	0.064	0.517	0.129	−0.100	−0.049	−0.101	0.056	−0.224	0.016	−0.020	−0.086	0.102	0.021	0.093	−0.207
I have other things I enjoy doing	0.134	0.095	−0.005	0.077	0.079	0.063	0.057	−0.493	0.214	−0.036	−0.017	0.006	−0.134	−0.106	−0.151
Smoking is bad for my health	0.151	−0.090	0.047	0.025	0.138	0.015	−0.057	−0.015	0.360	0.040	0.129	0.127	−0.053	−0.146	−0.159
Cannabis has damaged my health	0.077	0.073	−0.114	0.209	0.055	−0.079	0.025	−0.087	0.160	0.009	0.101	−0.103	0.120	0.096	−0.390
I have a health problem	0.158	0.023	0.106	0.225	0.083	0.046	0.060	0.067	0.008	0.021	0.249	−0.142	0.053	0.030	−0.136
I have had a bad reaction before	−0.019	−0.007	0.036	0.894	0.006	−0.037	0.010	−0.015	−0.090	0.013	−0.033	−0.048	−0.045	0.002	−0.009
I do not want to become addicted	0.927	0.042	0.002	0.020	0.055	−0.016	0.009	0.021	0.029	−0.024	0.039	0.026	−0.009	0.072	0.084
I think I could become addicted	0.820	−0.017	−0.017	−0.002	0.003	−0.006	0.023	−0.021	−0.071	0.016	−0.015	0.036	−0.038	0.005	−0.139
It leads to other drugs	0.314	−0.053	−0.153	−0.062	−0.044	−0.032	−0.053	0.056	0.139	0.075	0.520	0.076	0.001	0.023	0.090
I use too much and want to cut down	−0.008	0.005	−0.072	−0.027	−0.058	0.040	0.012	−0.008	0.014	0.010	−0.067	0.025	−0.078	0.019	−0.882
I think I am addicted and want to cut down	0.194	−0.036	−0.004	0.032	−0.082	0.007	0.023	0.153	−0.079	0.060	−0.070	−0.014	−0.051	0.091	−0.737
I am worried about getting in trouble with the law	0.003	−0.010	0.117	0.084	0.101	−0.002	0.010	0.052	0.038	0.016	0.011	0.681	0.018	−0.081	−0.015
I have a criminal record	−0.070	−0.053	−0.009	0.042	0.114	0.028	0.116	0.046	−0.017	0.191	0.046	−0.049	−0.005	0.011	−0.163
I am worried about being shamed	0.085	−0.013	0.045	0.042	0.140	0.042	0.010	−0.032	−0.042	0.033	0.012	0.653	−0.035	0.021	−0.016
I would lose my job	0.079	0.109	0.064	0.077	0.183	0.011	0.080	0.070	0.066	0.028	−0.043	0.572	−0.006	−0.053	0.080
I have switched to legal highs because they are legal	0.030	−0.025	0.026	0.115	−0.011	0.006	0.089	−0.001	−0.117	0.596	0.101	−0.007	0.038	0.070	−0.063
I do not know where to get it at the moment	0.033	−0.060	0.809	−0.033	0.015	0.050	−0.081	−0.002	0.029	0.105	0.020	0.035	−0.008	0.048	0.028
I find it difficult to get hold of	0.038	0.064	0.900	0.013	0.032	0.066	−0.019	−0.003	−0.072	0.035	−0.045	0.011	−0.060	0.035	−0.006
I cannot be bothered to get it	−0.030	−0.071	0.629	0.012	−0.016	−0.094	−0.016	−0.063	0.179	−0.012	0.085	0.132	0.002	0.011	0.090
I have to travel too far to get it	−0.083	0.063	0.645	0.054	−0.074	−0.174	0.136	0.021	0.027	−0.013	0.161	0.061	0.044	−0.001	0.014
I have to hang out with people I do not like to get it	0.016	−0.076	0.220	0.024	0.083	−0.180	0.026	−0.037	0.076	0.030	0.103	0.254	0.113	−0.081	0.062
I have switched to legals because they are available	−0.036	0.037	0.113	−0.032	−0.086	0.065	−0.042	−0.082	0.074	0.874	−0.112	0.026	0.037	−0.080	−0.028
It is too expensive	0.007	0.072	0.054	−0.011	0.022	−0.748	−0.054	0.025	0.022	0.055	−0.079	−0.036	−0.235	−0.032	−0.067
Good cannabis is too expensive	0.023	−0.017	−0.037	0.024	−0.020	−0.888	0.086	−0.008	0.028	0.026	−0.047	−0.019	0.038	0.067	0.074
Legals are better value	0.047	−0.017	−0.094	−0.002	−0.002	−0.199	−0.066	0.025	0.072	0.590	0.069	0.050	−0.048	−0.012	0.104
I have other things I want to spend money on	0.085	0.033	0.035	0.082	0.034	−0.103	−0.121	−0.227	0.412	−0.002	0.068	0.043	−0.378	0.043	0.090
I cannot afford cannabis	0.039	−0.067	0.081	0.069	0.131	−0.397	0.080	0.023	−0.059	0.017	0.102	−0.080	−0.445	−0.096	−0.056
I have to spend money on other things	0.010	−0.083	0.010	0.041	−0.034	−0.194	0.040	−0.145	0.091	−0.069	0.098	0.107	−0.662	0.092	−0.096

Factor labels: (1) addiction concerns; (2) do not know users; (3) lack of availability; (4) bad effects; (5) disapproval of others; (6) cannabis too expensive; (7) mainly medicinal use; (8) lack of time/other activities; (9) have alternative ways to relax; (10) switched to legal highs; (11) ethics and religion; (12) concern about legal consequences; (13) other financial priorities; (14) only use socially; (15) addiction experiences.