Altruism, Noise, and the Paradox of Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study

Table 11

Permutation test results ( value)—overall turnout rates.

	First round only		Average		Average (2nd half)
	1-tailed	2-tailed	1-tailed	2-tailed	1-tailed	2-tailed
12: asymmetric versus symmetric	0.30	0.75	0.1^*	0.200	0.150	0.300
18: asymmetric versus symmetric	0.50	1.00	0.05^**	0.1^*	0.05^**	0.1^*
Asymmetric: 12 versus 18	0.30	0.60	0.250	0.500	0.200	0.450
Symmetric: 12 versus 18	0.40	0.90	0.05^**	0.1^*	0.150	0.350
12 versus 18 (asymmetric and symmetric)	0.4142	0.8270	0.2767	0.5520	0.1357	0.2719
Asymmetric versus symmetric (12 and 18)	0.3419	0.6848	0.003^***	0.006^***	0.0038^***	0.0078^***

^*, ^**, ^***.