Facile and High-yield Synthesis of N-doped Carbon Quantum Dots from Biomass Quinoa Saponin for the Detection of Co²⁺

Table 1

Comparison of the proposed CQDs with various reported biomass carbon points.

Carbon source	Preparation method	QY (%)	References
Apple juice	Hydrothermal	4.3	[18]
Cornflour	Hydrothermal	7.7	[19]
Phyllanthus acidus fruits	Hydrothermal	14.0	[20]
Garlic	Hydrothermal	10.5	[11]
Watermelon peel	Pyrolytic carbonization	7.1	[21]
Lychee seeds	Pyrolytic carbonization	10.6	[22]
Quinoa saponin	Hydrothermal	22.2	This work