Positive Mental Attitude Associated with Lower 35-Year Mortality: The Leisure World Cohort Study
Table 3
Attitude and hazard ratio of death among women: the Leisure World Cohort Study, 1981–2016.
All subjects ()
Excluding first five years of follow-up ()
No. subjects†
No. deaths
Model 1a
Model 2b
No. subjects†
No. deaths
Model 1a
Model 2b
HR
95% CI
HR
95% CI
HR
95% CI
HR
95% CI
My mind is as clear as it used to be
None or little of the time
124
121
1.43
1.20, 1.72
1.28
1.07, 1.54
78
75
1.14
0.91, 1.43
1.02
0.81, 1.29
Some of the time
495
491
1.39
1.27 1.52
1.27
1.16, 1.40
406
402
1.43
1.30, 1.59
1.33
1.20, 1.47
A good part of the time
1937
1901
1.09
1.03, 1.15
1.07
1.01, 1.12
1716
1680
1.09
1.03, 1.15
1.07
1.01, 1.13
Most or all of the time
6048
5866
1.00
1.00
5558
5366
1.00
1.00
I find it easy to do the things I used to do
None or little of the time
544
539
1.65
1.51, 1.82
1.39
1.26, 1.53
373
368
1.54
1.38, 1.72
1.30
1.16, 1.46
Some of the time
1920
1898
1.29
1.22, 1.37
1.18
1.11, 1.26
1635
1613
1.30
1.22, 1.38
1.18
1.11, 1.26
A good part of the time
3283
3214
1.03
0.98, 1.09
0.99
0.94, 1.04
3072
3003
1.05
0.99, 1.11
1.01
0.95, 1.06
Most or all of the time
2826
2697
1.00
1.00
2664
2535
1.00
1.00
I feel hopeful about the future
None or little of the time
331
328
1.53
1.36, 1.71
1.34
1.20, 1.50
242
239
1.46
1.28, 1.66
1.29
1.13, 1.47
Some of the time
924
911
1.25
1.16, 1.34
1.16
1.08, 1.24
785
772
1.22
1.13, 1.31
1.13
1.05, 1.22
A good part of the time
1973
1941
1.09
1.04, 1.15
1.07
1.02, 1.13
1767
1735
1.08
1.02, 1.14
1.07
1.01, 1.13
Most or all of the time
5275
5099
1.00
1.00
4885
4709
1.00
1.00
I find it easy to make decisions
None or little of the time
289
282
1.18
1.05, 1.33
1.10
0.97, 1.24
213
206
1.09
0.95, 1.26
1.04
0.90, 1.19
Some of the time
1101
1080
1.10
1.03, 1.17
1.05
0.99, 1.13
967
946
1.11
1.03, 1.18
1.07
0.99, 1.14
A good part of the time
2698
2642
0.96
0.92, 1.01
0.96
0.91, 1.01
2451
2395
0.97
0.92, 1.02
0.96
0.91, 1.01
Most or all of the time
4509
4370
1.00
1.00
4125
3986
1.00
1.00
I feel that I am useful and needed
None or little of the time
412
406
1.28
1.16, 1.42
1.14
1.03, 1.26
305
299
1.21
1.08, 1.36
1.09
0.97, 1.22
Some of the time
1038
1027
1.24
1.16, 1.33
1.16
1.09, 1.24
876
865
1.21
1.13, 1.31
1.14
1.06, 1.23
A good part of the time
1750
1705
1.03
0.97, 1.08
1.02
0.96, 1.08
1581
1536
1.02
0.96, 1.08
1.01
0.95, 1.07
Most or all of the time
5364
5203
1.00
1.00
4976
4815
1.00
1.00
My life is pretty full
None or little of the time
316
310
1.58
1.41, 1.78
1.33
1.19, 1.50
228
222
1.45
1.26, 1.66
1.22
1.06, 1.40
Some of the time
856
848
1.38
1.28, 1.48
1.25
1.16, 1.35
701
693
1.33
1.23, 1.44
1.21
1.12, 1.31
A good part of the time
1996
1955
1.14
1.08, 1.20
1.09
1.03, 1.14
1788
1747
1.14
1.08, 1.20
1.09
1.03, 1.15
Most or all of the time
5412
5242
1.00
1.00
5034
4864
1.00
1.00
I still enjoy the things I used to
None or little of the time
289
285
1.62
1.44, 1.82
1.39
1.23, 1.57
200
196
1.44
1.25, 1.67
1.27
1.10, 1.46
Some of the time
990
973
1.29
1.20, 1.38
1.18
1.10, 1.26
820
803
1.27
1.18, 1.37
1.17
1.08, 1.26
A good part of the time
2011
1978
1.07
1.02, 1.13
1.02
0.97, 1.08
1812
1779
1.07
1.01, 1.13
1.02
0.97, 1.08
Most or all of the time
5304
5133
1.00
1.00
4925
4754
1.00
1.00
Attitude score (persons with missing items excluded)
<21
1651
1632
1.38
1.29, 1.46
1.24
1.16, 1.32
1354
1335
1.35
1.26, 1.44
1.22
1.14, 1.31
21–24
2135
2092
1.12
1.05, 1.18
1.07
1.01, 1.13
1927
1883
1.11
1.05, 1.18
1.06
1.00, 1.13
25-26
1706
1662
1.02
0.96, 1.09
0.99
0.94, 1.06
1589
1543
1.03
0.96, 1.10
1.00
0.94, 1.07
27-28
2740
2625
1.00
1.00
2592
2472
1.00
1.00
Attitude score (missing items given score of 1)
<21
1925
1904
1.37
1.29, 1.45
1.23
1.16, 1.31
1561
1540
1.34
1.26, 1.43
1.22
1.14, 1.30
21–24
2289
2244
1.12
1.06, 1.19
1.06
1.00, 1.13
2067
2021
1.12
1.06, 1.19
1.07
1.01, 1.13
25-26
1728
1684
1.02
0.96, 1.09
1.00
0.94, 1.06
1608
1562
1.03
0.97, 1.10
1.00
0.94, 1.07
27-28
2740
2625
1.00
1.00
2592
2472
1.00
1.00
Attitude score (missing items given score of 4)
<21
1741
1721
1.38
1.30, 1.47
1.24
1.17, 1.32
1418
1397
1.34
1.26, 1.44
1.22
1.14, 1.30
21–24
2272
2227
1.12
1.06, 1.18
1.07
1.01, 1.13
2039
1994
1.11
1.05, 1.18
1.07
1.01, 1.13
25-26
1823
1779
1.04
0.98, 1.10
1.01
0.95, 1.07
1686
1642
1.04
0.97, 1.10
1.01
0.95, 1.08
27-28
2846
2730
1.00
1.00
2686
2570
1.00
1.00
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. †Subjects do not always total 8682 or 7828 due to those with missing values. aModel 1: adjusted for age (i.e., age as time scale). bModel 2: adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index, exercise, alcohol intake, caffeine consumption, and histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
