Journal of Aging Research

Research Article

Positive Mental Attitude Associated with Lower 35-Year Mortality: The Leisure World Cohort Study

Table 4

Attitude and hazard ratio of death among men: the Leisure World Cohort Study, 1981–2016.


	All subjects ()						Excluding first five years of follow-up ()
	No. subjects^†	No. deaths	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		No. subjects^†	No. deaths	Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	No. subjects^†	No. deaths	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	No. subjects^†	No. deaths	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI

My mind is as clear as it used to be
None or little of the time	109	109	1.55	1.27, 1.88	1.41	1.16, 1.71	55	55	1.38	1.06, 1.80	1.34	1.02, 1.75
Some of the time	328	327	1.47	1.31, 1.65	1.31	1.17, 1.47	203	202	1.44	1.25, 1.66	1.30	1.13, 1.50
A good part of the time	1202	1194	1.10	1.03, 1.17	1.06	0.99, 1.13	957	949	1.16	1.08, 1.25	1.13	1.05, 1.21
Most or all of the time	3327	3292	1.00		1.00		2749	2713	1.00		1.00

I find it easy to do the things I used to do
None or little of the time	425	425	2.02	1.81, 2.25	1.64	1.46, 1.83	205	205	1.76	1.52, 2.05	1.49	1.28, 1.73
Some of the time	1160	1157	1.32	1.22, 1.42	1.19	1.10, 1.28	848	845	1.32	1.21, 1.44	1.20	1.10, 1.32
A good part of the time	1931	1914	1.10	1.03, 1.18	1.05	0.98, 1.13	1645	1628	1.13	1.05, 1.22	1.09	1.01, 1.17
Most or all of the time	1429	1405	1.00		1.00		1250	1225	1.00		1.00

I feel hopeful about the future
None or little of the time	199	199	1.79	1.55, 2.07	1.51	1.31, 1.75	104	104	1.62	1.33, 1.98	1.46	1.20, 1.79
Some of the time	514	512	1.31	1.19, 1.44	1.17	1.06, 1.29	353	351	1.23	1.10, 1.38	1.11	0.99, 1.24
A good part of the time	1197	1188	1.04	0.98, 1.12	0.99	0.92, 1.06	953	944	1.04	0.96, 1.12	0.99	0.92, 1.07
Most or all of the time	2998	2966	1.00		1.00		2520	2487	1.00		1.00

I find it easy to make decisions
None or little of the time	155	155	1.90	1.62, 2.24	1.53	1.30, 1.80	71	71	1.83	1.44, 2.31	1.48	1.17, 1.89
Some of the time	495	494	1.17	1.07, 1.29	1.10	1.00, 1.21	354	353	1.14	1.02, 1.27	1.07	0.96, 1.20
A good part of the time	1500	1489	1.07	1.01, 1.14	1.03	0.96, 1.09	1207	1196	1.09	1.01, 1.17	1.04	0.97, 1.12
Most or all of the time	2803	2771	1.00		1.00		2317	2284	1.00		1.00

I feel that I am useful and needed
None or little of the time	182	181	1.83	1.57, 2.12	1.64	1.40, 1.90	88	87	1.53	1.23, 1.89	1.44	1.16, 1.78
Some of the time	535	531	1.29	1.17, 1.41	1.14	1.04, 1.25	374	370	1.20	1.07, 1.33	1.06	0.95, 1.18
A good part of the time	1145	1136	1.10	1.02, 1.17	1.08	1.01, 1.16	907	898	1.06	0.98, 1.14	1.05	0.97, 1.13
Most or all of the time	3070	3041	1.00		1.00		2575	2546	1.00		1.00

My life is pretty full
None or little of the time	224	223	1.89	1.64, 2.16	1.56	1.36, 1.80	111	110	1.59	1.31, 1.92	1.38	1.14, 1.68
Some of the time	465	462	1.37	1.24, 1.51	1.20	1.09, 1.33	306	303	1.25	1.11, 1.41	1.10	0.97, 1.24
A good part of the time	1290	1279	1.14	1.07, 1.22	1.06	0.99, 1.14	1022	1011	1.14	1.06, 1.23	1.07	1.00, 1.15
Most or all of the time	2958	2929	1.00		1.00		2509	2480	1.00		1.00

I still enjoy the things I used to
None or little of the time	225	225	2.23	1.95, 2.56	1.76	1.53, 2.03	86	86	1.86	1.50, 2.31	1.45	1.16, 1.81
Some of the time	672	668	1.36	1.25, 1.48	1.20	1.10, 1.31	455	451	1.31	1.18, 1.45	1.18	1.06, 1.31
A good part of the time	1363	1354	1.11	1.04, 1.19	1.05	0.99, 1.13	1116	1107	1.14	1.06, 1.22	1.08	1.00, 1.16
Most or all of the time	2700	2669	1.00		1.00		2305	2274	1.00		1.00

Attitude score (persons with missing items excluded)
<21	995	993	1.54	1.42, 1.67	1.30	1.19, 1.41	631	629	1.43	1.30, 1.58	1.24	1.12, 1.37
21–24	1286	1273	1.16	1.08, 1.25	1.09	1.01, 1.18	1056	1043	1.19	1.10, 1.29	1.13	1.04, 1.23
25-26	1051	1041	1.13	1.04, 1.22	1.06	0.98 1.15	893	883	1.17	1.08, 1.28	1.12	1.02, 1.22
27-28	1453	1435	1.00		1.00		1270	1252	1.00		1.00

Attitude score (missing items given score of 1)
<21	1132	1130	1.55	1.43, 1.67	1.32	1.21, 1.43	706	704	1.43	1.31, 1.57	1.25	1.14, 1.38
21–24	1344	1330	1.15	1.07, 1.24	1.08	1.00, 1.16	1103	1089	1.18	1.09, 1.28	1.12	1.03, 1.22
25-26	1063	1053	1.13	1.04, 1.23	1.06	0.98, 1.15	901	891	1.18	1.08, 1.28	1.12	1.03, 1.22
27-28	1453	1435	1.00		1.00		1270	1252	1.00		1.00

Attitude score (missing items given score of 4)
<21	1048	1046	1.55	1.43, 1.67	1.31	1.21, 1.42	655	653	1.43	1.30, 1.57	1.24	1.13, 1.37
21–24	1345	1332	1.17	1.09, 1.26	1.10	1.02, 1.18	1092	1079	1.20	1.10, 1.30	1.13	1.04, 1.23
25-26	1094	1084	1.13	1.04, 1.22	1.06	0.98 1.14	924	914	1.17	1.08, 1.28	1.11	1.02, 1.21
27-28	1505	1486	1.00		1.00		1309	1290	1.00		1.00

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. ^†Subjects do not always total 4992 or 3980 due to those with missing values. ^aModel 1: adjusted for age (i.e., age as time scale). ^bModel 2: adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index, exercise, alcohol intake, caffeine consumption, and histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.