Physical Frailty and Fall Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Fall risk score using the physiological profile assessment compared with frailty status in older adults.

Component	Frailty status	Mean ± SD	95% confidence interval	value
Visual contrast sensitivity (dB)	Nonfrailty^a	17 ± 4.29	15.82, 18.18	<0.001^ac^bc
	Prefrailty^b	16.10 ± 5.00	15.50, 16.68
	Frailty^c	8.44 ± 6.34	6.15, 10.72
Proprioception (degree)	Nonfrailty^a	2.29 ± 0.95	2.02, 2.55	0.001^ac ab
	Prefrailty^b	2.72 ± 1.49	2.54, 2.89
	Frailty^c	3.53 ± 1.99	2.81, 4.25
Knee extension strength (kg)	Nonfrailty^a	19.07 ± 8.07	16.84, 21.29	<0.001^ac ab bc
	Prefrailty^b	14.13 ± 6.32	13.39, 14.87
	Frailty^c	7.57 ± 4.40	5.98, 9.16
Hand reaction time (ms)	Nonfrailty^a	345.17 ± 94.99	318.99, 371.35	<0.001^ac ab
	Prefrailty^b	395.51 ± 136.49	379.51, 411.51
	Frailty^c	472.69 ± 228.53	390.29, 555.08
Sway path (mm^2)	Nonfrailty^a	1216.24 ± 840.43	984.59, 1447.89	<0.001^ac bc
	Prefrailty^b	1367.63 ± 1258.65	1220.10, 1515.17
	Frailty^c	2435.25 ± 1951.94	1731.50, 3139.00
PPA fall risk (Z-score)	Nonfrailty^a	2.15 ± 1.02	1.87, 2.42)	<0.001^ac ab bc
	Prefrailty^b	2.70 ± 1.38	2.54, 2.86)
	Frailty^c	4.47 ± 1.65	3.87, 5.06)

ac: nonfrailty group compared with the frailty group; ab: nonfrailty group compared with the prefrailty group; bc: prefrailty group compared with the frailty group; PPA = physiological profile assessment.