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| TCS | Strengths | Weaknesses | Opportunities | Threats |
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| Manual | Backup tolling option for OBU non-equipped motorway users; No user investment | Low LOS, Long queues, High Opex; Increased emissions; Health and safety risks for toll operators | - | Thefts |
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| ACM | Additional tolling option on toll plazas | Stopping, small coin values | - | No exact amount of coins |
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| Vignette | Stimulating the everyday users to use motorways; Decrease of noise; Decrease of air pollution; Savings in infrastructure costs | Applicability; Not fair pricing for foreigners and occasional users; Many stickers on the windshield visually degraded vehicles; High enforcement costs; The difficulties of controlling all vehicles | Temporary tolls; Additional toll system for certain vehicle categories | Acceptance of a wider driving population; Frequent control of the driver; Being considerably more expensive for occasional users; No interoperability |
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| DSRC | | | | |
| DSRC with barriers | Payment without stopping; No queuing; Decrease of VOC; Decrease of TTC; Reduced environmental degradation; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres; Large number of DSRC OBUs currently in operation | Inefficiency for occasional users without OBU; High capital expenditure and maintenance cost of tolling infrastructure; Difficulty in modifying the tolled network once implemented | Easy transition from existing manual system to ETC; Ability to provide/support other value added services through the OBU; Interoperability | Low % of users with OBUs |
| DSRC MLFF | Payment without decreasing the speed; No delays; Without increase of VOC and TTC; Increase of traffic safety; Minimum of environmental degradation; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres; High reliability & performance, low signal interference; Large number of DSRC OBUs currently in operation; User friendly | Inefficiency for occasional users without OBU; High enforcement costs; The difficulties of controlling vehicles without OBU. Necessity to install road-side infrastructure (gantries) along the road; High capital expenditure and maintenance cost of tolling infrastructure; Difficulty to modify the tolled network once implemented | Increasingly common technology; Efficiency for drivers and toll operators; Ability to provide/support other value added services through the OBU; Interoperability | Avoiding payment of tolls; Being less profitable in low traffic volume roads |
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| Barcode-based | Technology which does not require complex system; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres | Unreliability; Lower accuracy during bad weather; Lack of flexibility; Low rate of reading data; Low passenger comfort | - | Theft of barcode label |
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| Infrared | Payment without stopping; No queuing; Decrease of VOC; Decrease of TTC; Less environmental degradation; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres; High rate of reading data; High reliability; Accurate in all-weather condition | The problem of interference with other signals; High Opex and Capex | Easy transition from existing manual to calm active infrared system | The problem of interference with the frequencies of other devices; The lack of interoperability |
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| RFID | | | | |
| RFID with barriers | Payment without stopping; No queuing; Decrease of VOC; Decrease of TTC; Less environmental degradation; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres; High rate of reading data | High Opex and Capex; The problem of interference with the frequencies of other devices; Inefficiency for occasional users without OBU | Increasingly common technology; Efficiency for drivers and toll operators; Low RFID sticker/OBU price | The angle of object installation and compatibility having an important role in the reliability and punctuality of these systems |
| RFID ORT | Payment without stopping; No queuing; Decrease of VOC; Decrease of TTC; Less environmental degradation; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres; High rate of reading data | The problem of interference with the frequencies of other devices; Inefficiency for occasional users without OBU | Increasingly common technology; Efficiency for drivers and toll operators; Low RFID sticker/OBU price | The angle of object installation and compatibility having an important role in the reliability and of punctuality these systems |
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| Smart card | Reduced queuing time; Small decrease of VOC; and TTC; Environmental degradation | Payment with stopping; Reliability | Reduced number of toll employees | An insufficient number of Smart card users; |
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| ANPR | Payment without stopping; No queuing; Decrease of VOC; Decrease of TTC; Less environmental degradation; No OBU; Ability to deliver cost savings for automatic handling processing, subject to fine tuning and secondary processing methods used; Most successful when combined with other technologies; No performance restrictions regarding vehicle speeds | Requires good quality license plates; Susceptibility to poor lighting and weather conditions; Access to needed vehicle data of foreigners vehicle database; Cost of manual checking that can increase operational costs; Suitability for supporting relatively simple charging policies | Continuous improvements in video camera quality; Always being required for enforcement; Increased overall safety | Thefts and toll avoiding; Lack of standardisation of license plates; Manual verification needed for full effectiveness subject to level of “tuning“ |
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| GNSS/CN | Payment without stopping; Payment without decreasing the speed; No delays and queuing; Without increase of VOC and TTC; Minimum of environmental degradation; Pay in accordance with travelled kilometres; Increase of traffic safety; Flexibility to define and modify what is to be charged and how it is to be charged; Once installed, less costly to maintain; Easily expandable to other roads and regions | Privacy of the user’s movement; High Opex and Capex; Inefficiency for occasional users without OBU; High enforcement costs; Less used and mature technology than other technologies; Accuracy errors in certain sections of the tolled network, such as parallel free roads and intersections; Additional roadside devices that need to be installed | Route guidance; Increased overall and traffic safety; Ability to provide/support other necessary to be pursued value-added services through the OBU; traffic information, speed control | Interoperability; Gaining the public support regarding the mobility privacy policy |
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| Tachograph-based | Absence of privacy and data protection issues; Investment in tolling infrastructure relatively independent of the tolled network within the area; Low toll collection costs; Maintenance of tolling infrastructure is limited to cross-border control stations | Rigidity in defining and modifying what is to be charged and how it is to be charged within the tolled area; Low accuracy of the tolling technology (±4%); Complex and costly on-board unit; No interoperability; High start-up costs of cross-border control stations; Not commonly used technology | - | Additional position services which cannot be provided through the OBU; No interoperability |
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| Smartphones | Flexibility to define and modify what is to be charged and how it is to be charged; Little physical tolling roadside infrastructure investment; No need for in-vehicle device or costly enforcement infrastructure; User-friendly interface; Interoperability with other tolling technologies; Low maintenance costs | Device battery duration; Less used and mature technology than other options; Ability to become obsoletely quickly, given technological developments in the sector; Variable proliferation of mobile and smart phones in different areas; Some areas not having appropriate GSM coverage; No proven data about accuracy on certain sections of the tolled network, such as parallel free roads and intersections; Not being able to classify vehicles; No standards currently available | Continuous technological improvements in position mobile phone and smartphone industry;
Possibility of integrating toll payment with other user services; interoperability | Data protection issue in relation to the cellular network used to track user position |
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