Highway Traffic Speed Prediction in Rainy Environment Based on APSO-GRU

Table 5

Errors in traffic flow speed prediction during unsustained rainfall.

Model	Beijing-Harbin Highway		Beijing-Tianjin Highway		Beijing-Kaifeng Highway		Beijing-Taiwan Highway
	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE
GRU	3.78	2.91	4.15	3.22	4.04	3.07	4.20	3.13
APSO-GRU	2.84	2.15	3.27	2.76	2.53	1.80	2.71	2.09
APSO-LSTM	3.17	2.68	3.77	2.93	4.23	3.26	3.13	2.75
SVR	6.02	4.63	5.89	4.39	6.21	4.78	4.87	3.89