Highway Traffic Speed Prediction in Rainy Environment Based on APSO-GRU

Table 6

Errors in traffic flow speed prediction during sustained rainfall.

Model	Beijing-Harbin Highway		Beijing-Tianjin Highway		Beijing-Kaifeng Highway		Beijing-Taiwan Highway
	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE
GRU	5.24	3.77	6.19	4.40	5.77	4.12	5.31	3.86
APSO-GRU	3.52	2.86	3.47	2.83	2.88	2.17	3.14	2.31
APSO-LSTM	5.63	4.56	4.69	4.16	6.30	5.10	5.24	4.43
SVR	10.37	7.29	11.40	7.71	12.63	8.02	10.71	7.55