Research Article

Drivers’ Risk Perception and Risky Driving Behavior under Low Illumination Conditions: Modified Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and Driver Skill Inventory (DSI)

Table 1

Summary of the results for the DBQ with streetlights in low illumination.

DBQ itemsMeanS.D.

Q1In low illumination, drive close to the vehicle ahead and find it difficult to stop in an emergency1.550.65
Q2In low illumination, when distracted or preoccupied, realize belatedly that the vehicle ahead has slowed and have to slam on the brakes to avoid collision1.790.82
Q3In low illumination, speed up and cross at lights that will turn yellow2.030.96
Q4In low illumination, do not give way to pedestrians who have already walked at a zebra crossing without traffic lights1.500.68
Q5In low illumination, disregard the speed limit on a residential road1.500.73
Q6In low illumination, use a mobile phone when driving1.920.85
Q7In low illumination, race nearby vehicles away from traffic lights and try to overtake them1.720.81
Q8In low illumination, honk the horn to show annoyance with another driver1.640.78
Q9In low illumination, have an aversion to a particular class of road user and indicate your hostility by whatever means you can1.640.74
Q10In low illumination, disregard the speed limit on a motorway1.200.50
Q11In low illumination, cross a junction knowing that the traffic lights have already turned against you1.230.57
Q12In low illumination, forget where you left your car in a car park1.720.77
Q13In low illumination, brake sharply on a slippery road1.560.67
Q14In low illumination, intend to switch on the windshield wipers but switch on the lights instead, or vice versa1.580.71
QY15With streetlights in low illumination, fail to notice someone stepping out from behind or in front a vehicle until it is nearly too late1.570.62
QY16With streetlights in low illumination, hit something when reversing that you had not previously seen1.520.63
QY17With streetlights in low illumination, misjudge your gap in a car park and nearly (or actually) hit an adjoining vehicle1.530.63
QY18With streetlights in low illumination, misread the signs and exit from a roundabout on the wrong road so that you get into the wrong lane1.690.64
QY19With streetlights in low illumination, miss ‘give way’ signs and narrowly avoid colliding with traffic that has the right of way1.480.61
QY20With streetlights in low illumination, on turning right, nearly hit a cyclist who is traveling on the right1.490.65
QY21With streetlights in low illumination, underestimate the speed of an oncoming vehicle when overtaking1.590.64
QY22With streetlights in low illumination, fail to notice pedestrians crossing when turning onto a branch road from a main road1.580.64
QY23With streetlights in low illumination, overtake a slow driver on the right1.910.80
QY24With streetlights in low illumination, fail to check your rear-view mirror before pulling out, changing lanes, etc.1.460.67
QY25With streetlights in low illumination, when distracted or preoccupied, fail to notice someone running at a zebra crossing1.600.64
QY26With streetlights in low illumination, attempt to overtake someone that you had not noticed signaling a left turn1.440.65
QY27With streetlights in low illumination, realize that you have no clear recollection of the road along which you have just been traveling1.730.72
QY28With streetlights in low illumination, get into the wrong lane at a roundabout or when approaching a road junction1.650.70
QY29With streetlights in low illumination, in a queue of vehicles turning right onto a main road, pay such close attention to the traffic approaching from the main road that you nearly hit the car in front1.520.69
QY30With streetlights in low illumination, misjudge your gap with a nearby vehicle and narrowly miss colliding1.340.55
QY31With streetlights in low illumination, stay in a motorway lane that you know will be closed ahead until the last minute before forcing your way into the other lane1.530.69
QY32With streetlights in low illumination, turn left onto a main road into the path of an oncoming vehicle that you had not seen or whose speed you had misjudged1.500.61