Research Article

Drivers’ Risk Perception and Risky Driving Behavior under Low Illumination Conditions: Modified Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and Driver Skill Inventory (DSI)

Table 6

Factor structure of the DBQ items.

DBQ items (38 items)Factor loading

Factor 1: violation α = 0.866/0.866
Q3In low illumination, speed up and cross at lights that will turn yellow0.764/0.767
Q4In low illumination, do not give way to pedestrians who have already walked at a zebra crossing without traffic lights0.621/0.653
Q5In low illumination, disregard the speed limit on a residential road0.760/0.688
Q6In low illumination, use a mobile phone when driving0.628/0.627
Q7In low illumination, race nearby vehicles away from traffic lights and try to overtake them0.738/0.723
Q8In low illumination, honk the horn to show annoyance with another driver0.773/0.715
Q9In low illumination, have an aversion to a particular class of road user and indicate your hostility by whatever means you can0.702/0.754

Factor 2: lapse α = 0.855/0.878
Q12In low illumination, forget where you left your car in a car park0.683/0.524
QY16/QN16With and without streetlights in low illumination, hit something when reversing that you had not previously seen0.750/0.521
QY18/QN18With and without streetlights in low illumination, misread the signs and exit from a roundabout on the wrong road so that you get into the wrong lane0.736/0.555
QY19/QN19With and without streetlights in low illumination, miss “give way” signs and narrowly avoid colliding with traffic that has the right of way0.611/0.430
QY22/QN22With and without streetlights in low illumination, fail to notice pedestrians crossing when turning onto a branch road from a main road0.496/0.492
QY27/QN27With and without streetlights in low illumination, realize that you have no clear recollection of the road along which you have just been traveling0.663/0.795
QY28/QN28With and without streetlights in low illumination, get into the wrong lane at a roundabout or when approaching a road function0.674/0.768

Factor 3: error α = 0.902/0.905
QY17/QN17With and without streetlights in low illumination, misjudge your gap in a car park and nearly (or actually) hit an adjoining vehicle0.572/0.544
QY20/QN20With and without streetlights in low illumination, on turning right, nearly hit a cyclist who is traveling on the right0.528/0.727
QY21/QN21With and without streetlights in low illumination, underestimate the speed of an oncoming vehicle when overtaking0.572/0.637
QY24/QN24With and without streetlights in low illumination, fail to check your rear-view mirror before pulling out, changing lanes, etc.0.684/0.604
QY26/QN26With and without streetlights in low illumination, attempt to overtake someone that you had not noticed signaling a left turn0.703/0.806
QY29/QN29With and without streetlights in low illumination, in a queue of vehicles turning right onto a main road, pay such close attention to the traffic approaching from the main road that you nearly hit the car in front0.804/0.723
QY30/QN30With and without streetlights in low illumination, misjudge your gap with a nearby vehicle and narrowly miss collision0.756/0.677
QY31/QN31With and without streetlights in low illumination, stay in a motorway lane that you know will be closed ahead until the last minute before forcing your way into the other lane0.685/0.651
QY32/QN32With and without streetlights in low illumination, turn left onto a main road into the path of an oncoming vehicle that you had not seen or whose speed you had misjudged0.679/0.729