Prediction of Train Arrival Delay Using Hybrid ELM-PSO Approach

Table 3

Prediction errors on each model’s test set for the W-G HSR line.

Model	RMSE	MAE	R-squared	Time (s)
ELM-PSO	1.0387	0.3490	0.9955	856
CB	1.6808	1.0464	0.9883	9
GBDT	1.9976	1.2031	0.9835	18
Lasso	1.9852	0.9240	0.9847	9
KNN	1.6488	0.5025	0.9887	27