Bi-Objective Optimization for Vehicle Routing Problems with a Mixed Fleet of Conventional and Electric Vehicles and Soft Time Windows

Table 1

Summary of the literature on the mixed fleet vehicle routing problem.

References	Single-objective	Bi-objective	Hard time window	Soft time window	Carbon emission	Energy consumption	Charging	Algorithm
[8]		√			√	—	—	Enhanced MDLS
[9]		√	√		√	—	—	Improved VNS
[10]	√		√			Distance	Fixed time	Heuristic
[11]	√		√			CMEM	Fully	ALNS
[12]	√		√			CMEM	Fully	HALNS
[13]	√					Distance	Fully	SS-MACO
[14]	√		√			Distance	Fully	Branch and price
[15]	√					Distance	Partially	Heuristic
[16]	√					Distance	Partially	ITS-LNS
[17]	√		√			Distance	Partially	Metaheuristic
[18]	√		√		√	Distance	Partially	ILS
[19]	√		√			Improved CMEM	Partially	HLNS
[20]		√	√		√	Distance and load	Partially	—
[21]	√		√		√	CMEM	Partially	ALNS
Our work		√		√	√	Distance and load	Fully	NSGA-II