Which Factors Affect User Satisfaction with ETC? Evidence from Shanghai and Beijing

Table 2

Ordinal logistic regression analysis results of Shanghai samples.

Variables	B	SE	Significance	Exp (B)
Threshold
Dissatisfied	−49.221	22.571	0.029	0.000
Generally satisfied	−34.700	21.443	0.106	0.000
Gender (relative to female)
Male	0.871	0.877	0.321	2.389
Age (relative to 51–60 years old)
18–25 years old	−5.816	20.468	0.776	0.003
26–30 years old	−6.463	20.435	0.752	0.002
31–40 years old	−6.668	20.401	0.744	0.001
41–50 years old	−3.411	20.365	0.867	0.033
Education level (relative to postgraduate)
Junior high school and below	−11.971	33.917	0.724	0.000
High school	6.192	5.900	0.294	488.823
Junior college	−2.014	2.692	0.454	0.133
Undergraduate	0.947	1.818	0.603	2.578
Occupation (relative to others)
Staff of agencies/institutions	−0.917	3.036	0.763	0.400
Production company staff	−1.103	2.650	0.677	0.332
Commercial and service personnel	−0.313	2.751	0.909	0.731
Monthly income after tax (relative to more than 15,000 yuan)
2,000–5,000 yuan	−6.196	2.492	0.013	0.002
5,001–8,000 yuan	−1.062	1.440	0.461	0.346
8,001–15,000 yuan	0.986	1.545	0.523	2.680
Number of trips on expressways per year (relative to more than 30 times)
1–4 times	2.747	2.099	0.191	15.596
5–10 times	2.562	1.962	0.192	12.962
11–30 times	1.624	2.071	0.433	5.073
Duration of using ETC (relative to more than 5 years)
Less than 1 year	−26.252	2.782	0.000	0.000
1 to 3 years	−20.664	1.792	0.000	0.000
3 to 5 years	−20.196	0.000	—	0.000
Congestion in ETC lanes (relative to yes)
No	1.887	1.132	0.095	6.600
Inability to synchronize ETC deduction messages in real time (relative to yes)
No	2.178	1.175	0.064	8.829
Disorderly fee deduction (relative to yes)
No	0.701	1.178	0.551	2.016
Difficulties invoicing reimbursements (relative to yes)
No	1.663	1.435	0.246	5.275
Damage to ETC equipment due to quality problems (relative to yes)
No	0.775	1.161	0.504	2.171
Embezzlement of ETC cards (relative to yes)
No	−6.357	2.678	0.018	0.002
Inconvenience of finding ETC card recharge points (relative to yes)
No	0.086	1.250	0.945	1.090
Lane congestion (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−67.366	0.000	—	0.000
Disagree	−0.143	26.948	0.996	0.867
Neither agree nor disagree	−8.093	3.319	0.015	0.000
Agree	0.312	1.135	0.784	1.366
Toll level (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−14.817	0.000	—	0.000
Disagree	33.186	7,372.804	0.996	2.585
Neither agree nor disagree	−8.222	2.681	0.002	0.000
Agree	−2.011	1.26	0.111	0.134
Usage safety (theft and embezzlement) (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	26.208	9,731.872	0.998	2.410
Neither agree nor disagree	−0.017	1.819	0.992	0.983
Agree	3.802	1.599	0.017	44.791
Usage correctness (wrong brushing and missing brushing) (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	6.298	3.238	0.052	543.484
Neither agree nor disagree	1.208	1.884	0.522	3.347
Agree	0.774	1.113	0.487	2.168
Need for invoicing reimbursement (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−8.234	4.177	0.049	0.000
Disagree	0.631	2.419	0.794	1.879
Neither agree nor disagree	−2.190	1.454	0.132	0.112
Agree	−5.686	1.999	0.004	0.003
Driving information acquisition (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−9.164	4.543	0.044	0.000
Disagree	−5.327	2.252	0.018	0.005
Neither agree nor disagree	−0.060	1.532	0.969	0.942
Agree	−3.100	1.458	0.034	0.045
ETC lane use experience (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	17.389	27.561	0.528	35,640,742.730
Neither agree nor disagree	−5.549	2.125	0.009	0.004
Agree	−2.378	1.267	0.061	0.093
Cumbersome formalities (relative to yes)
No	3.141	1.299	0.016	23.127
Hidden dangers of fund security (relative to yes)
No	−0.810	1.045	0.438	0.445
Rarely driving on expressways (relative to yes)
No	0.864	1.102	0.433	2.373
Don’t know about ETC or how to complete the formalities (relative to yes)
No	3.531	1.866	0.058	34.158
Device effects on driving vision (relative to yes)
No	−3.522	1.799	0.050	0.030
Unsightly appearance (relative to yes)
No	3.070	1.369	0.025	21.542
Relieve the congestion of expressway toll stations (relative to yes)
No	−1.725	1.196	0.149	0.178
High-tech sense (relative to yes)
No	−1.985	1.083	0.067	0.137
Convenient access (relative to yes)
No	1.523	1.366	0.265	4.586
No need to take cards (relative to yes)
No	−1.462	0.979	0.135	0.232
Toll reduction (relative to yes)
No	−2.482	1.259	0.049	0.084