Which Factors Affect User Satisfaction with ETC? Evidence from Shanghai and Beijing

Table 3

Ordinal logistic regression analysis results of Beijing samples.

Variables	B	SE	Significance	Exp (B)
Threshold
Dissatisfied	−31.077	16,007.873	0.998	0.000
Generally satisfied	−24.848	16,007.873	0.999	0.000
Gender (relative to female)
Male	−0.557	0.655	0.395	0.573
Age (relative to over 60 years old)
18–25 years old	−18.838	16,007.873	0.999	0.000
26–30 years old	−16.955	16,007.873	0.999	0.000
31–40 years old	−17.195	16,007.873	0.999	0.000
41–50 years old	−17.843	16,007.873	0.999	0.000
51–60 years old	−19.274	16,007.873	0.999	0.000
Education level (relative to postgraduate)
Junior high school and below	24.257	0.000	—	34,251,630,282.000
High school	−5.866	2.232	0.009	0.003
Junior college	1.980	1.346	0.141	7.243
Undergraduate	−1.110	0.730	0.128	0.330
Occupation (relative to others)
Staff of agencies/institutions	−0.055	1.624	0.973	0.946
Production company staff	−0.788	1.625	0.628	0.455
Commercial and service personnel	−0.731	1.683	0.664	0.481
Production personnel in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy	−5.458	4.846	0.260	0.004
Monthly income after tax (relative to more than 15,000 yuan)
2,000–5,000 yuan	2.365	1.577	0.134	10.644
5,001–8,000 yuan	−1.452	1.027	0.157	0.234
8,001–15,000 yuan	−0.882	0.902	0.328	0.414
Number of trips on expressways per year (relative to more than 30 times)
0 times	−11.439	4.815	0.018	0.000
1–4 times	−3.286	1.697	0.053	0.037
5–10 times	−3.076	1.541	0.046	0.046
11–30 times	−2.670	1.547	0.084	0.069
Duration of using ETC (relative to more than 5 years)
Less than 1 year	1.944	1.377	0.158	6.987
1 to 3 years	1.703	1.201	0.156	5.490
3 to 5 years	0.056	1.205	0.963	1.058
Congestion in ETC lanes (relative to yes)
No	1.204	0.650	0.064	3.333
Inability to synchronize ETC deduction messages in real time (relative to yes)
No	1.232	0.652	0.059	3.428
Disorderly fee deduction (relative to yes)
No	0.214	0.756	0.777	1.239
Difficulties invoicing reimbursements (relative to yes)
No	1.567	0.682	0.022	4.792
Damage to ETC equipment due to quality problems (relative to yes)
No	0.472	0.659	0.473	1.603
Embezzlement of ETC cards (relative to yes)
No	−1.271	1.027	0.216	0.281
Inconvenience of finding ETC card recharge points (relative to yes)
No	0.140	0.965	0.885	1.150
Lane congestion (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−21.321	5,472.259	0.997	0.000
Disagree	−2.89	2.075	0.164	0.056
Neither agree nor disagree	−2.331	1.219	0.056	0.097
Agree	−0.368	0.665	0.580	0.692
Toll level (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−16.379	9,628.021	0.999	0.000
Disagree	3.964	2.457	0.107	52.668
Neither agree nor disagree	0.415	0.876	0.635	1.514
Agree	0.483	0.886	0.585	1.621
Usage safety (theft and embezzlement) (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	19.699	5,472.260	0.997	359,059,977.200
Neither agree nor disagree	−1.076	1.003	0.283	0.341
Agree	1.635	0.775	0.035	5.129
Usage correctness (wrong brushing and missing brushing) (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	−0.950	2.612	0.716	0.387
Neither agree nor disagree	−0.774	0.988	0.433	0.461
Agree	0.186	0.731	0.799	1.204
Need for invoicing reimbursement (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	4.768	2.568	0.063	117.684
Disagree	−0.418	1.411	0.767	0.658
Neither agree nor disagree	−0.891	1.005	0.375	0.410
Agree	−0.150	1.046	0.886	0.861
Driving information acquisition (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	12.763	9,628.02	0.999	349,060.312
Disagree	−0.972	1.652	0.556	0.378
Neither agree nor disagree	0.179	0.951	0.851	1.196
Agree	0.775	0.896	0.387	2.171
ETC lane use experience (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	18.490	9,628.020	0.998	107,177,832.600
Disagree	0.230	1.883	0.903	1.259
Neither agree nor disagree	−1.757	1.105	0.112	0.173
Agree	−0.010	0.677	0.988	0.990
Cumbersome formalities (relative to yes)
No	0.680	0.663	0.305	1.974
Hidden dangers of fund security (relative to yes)
No	−0.834	0.614	0.174	0.434
Rarely driving on expressways (relative to yes)
No	−2.823	1.030	0.006	0.059
Don’t know about ETC or how to complete the formalities (relative to yes)
No	−0.394	1.080	0.715	0.674
Device effects on driving vision (relative to yes)
No	0.693	0.779	0.374	2.000
Unsightly appearance (relative to yes)
No	−0.112	0.797	0.888	0.894
Relieve the congestion of expressway toll stations (relative to yes)
No	−0.368	0.716	0.607	0.692
High-tech sense (relative to yes)
No	−1.416	0.660	0.032	0.243
Convenient access (relative to yes)
No	−0.417	0.756	0.581	0.659
No need to take cards (relative to yes)
No	0.382	0.627	0.542	1.465
Toll reduction (relative to yes)
No	−2.738	0.840	0.001	0.065