Which Factors Affect User Satisfaction with ETC? Evidence from Shanghai and Beijing

Table 4

Ordinal logistic regression analysis results of the samples of M1.

Variables	B	SE	Significance	Exp (B)
Threshold
Dissatisfied	−12.280	3.415	0.000	0.000
Generally satisfied	−5.376	2.708	0.047	0.005
Number of trips on expressways per year (relative to more than 30 times)
1–4 times	−0.719	1.240	0.562	0.487
5–10 times	−1.733	1.241	0.163	0.177
11–30 times	−1.329	1.235	0.282	0.265
Duration of using ETC (relative to more than 5 years)
Less than 1 year	−1.891	1.404	0.178	0.151
1 to 3 years	−0.934	1.264	0.460	0.393
3 to 5 years	−0.920	1.368	0.501	0.399
Congestion in ETC lanes (relative to yes)
No	1.213	0.672	0.071	3.364
Inability to synchronize ETC deduction messages in real time (relative to yes)
No	1.879	0.740	0.011	6.547
Disorderly fee deduction (relative to yes)
No	−0.348	0.812	0.669	0.706
Difficulties invoicing reimbursements (relative to yes)
No	0.310	0.655	0.637	1.363
Damage to ETC equipment due to quality problems (relative to yes)
No	1.989	0.753	0.008	7.308
Embezzlement of ETC cards (relative to yes)
No	−3.118	1.414	0.027	0.044
Inconvenience of finding ETC card recharge points (relative to yes)
No	0.873	0.953	0.360	2.394
Lane congestion (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−48.601	12,357.666	0.997	0.000
Disagree	−40.188	12,357.666	0.997	0.000
Neither agree nor disagree	0.020	1.532	0.990	1.020
Agree	0.270	0.754	0.721	1.310
Toll level (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−1.008	0.000	—	0.365
Disagree	24.116	8,072.776	0.998	29,747,174,808.000
Neither agree nor disagree	−0.844	0.842	0.316	0.430
Agree	0.625	0.851	0.463	1.868
Usage safety (theft and embezzlement) (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	19.168	6,781.053	0.998	211,133,248.200
Neither agree nor disagree	−2.461	1.163	0.034	0.085
Agree	−0.166	0.749	0.824	0.847
Usage correctness (wrong brushing and missing brushing) (relative to strongly agree)
Disagree	0.228	2.504	0.927	1.256
Neither agree nor disagree	−0.320	1.089	0.769	0.726
Agree	0.907	0.736	0.217	2.477
Need for invoicing reimbursement (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	0.228	2.040	0.911	1.256
Disagree	−2.136	1.272	0.093	0.118
Neither agree nor disagree	−2.682	1.144	0.019	0.068
Agree	−2.017	1.116	0.071	0.133
Driving information acquisition (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	−5.749	2.490	0.021	0.003
Disagree	−2.429	1.534	0.113	0.088
Neither agree nor disagree	−1.666	1.280	0.193	0.189
Agree	−0.200	0.965	0.836	0.819
ETC lane use experience (relative to strongly agree)
Strongly disagree	21.949	9,742.877	0.998	3,406,666,213.000
Disagree	0.746	1.742	0.668	2.109
Neither agree nor disagree	−2.491	0.933	0.008	0.083
Agree	−0.191	0.667	0.774	0.826
Cumbersome formalities (relative to yes)
No	2.594	0.770	0.001	13.383
Hidden dangers of fund security (relative to yes)
No	0.543	0.694	0.434	1.721
Rarely driving on expressways (relative to yes)
No	−1.853	1.055	0.079	0.157
Don’t know about ETC or how to complete the formalities (relative to yes)
No	0.115	1.096	0.916	1.122
Device effects on driving vision (relative to yes)
No	−0.023	0.864	0.979	0.977
Unsightly appearance (relative to yes)
No	0.567	0.743	0.445	1.763
Relieve the congestion of expressway toll stations (relative to yes)
No	−0.874	0.625	0.162	0.417
High-tech sense (relative to yes)
No	0.729	0.693	0.293	2.073
Convenient access (relative to yes)
No	−0.456	0.810	0.573	0.634
No need to take cards (relative to yes)
No	−1.486	0.685	0.030	0.226
Toll reduction (relative to yes)
No	−1.092	0.710	0.124	0.335