The Value of Preemptive Pick-Up Services in Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Last-Mile Delivery: Space-Time Network-Based Formulation and Solution Algorithms

Figure 12

Iterative curve for cases with different case scales. (a) Iterative process for Case 1(45 physical nodes). (b) Iterative process for Case 2(70 physical nodes). (c) Iterative process for Case 3 (100 physical nodes).

(a)

(b)

(c)