The Value of Preemptive Pick-Up Services in Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Last-Mile Delivery: Space-Time Network-Based Formulation and Solution Algorithms

Table 16

The solution results under different lengths of pick-up time window.

The length of pick-up time window	The value of objective function under preemptive service	The value of objective function under non-preemptive service	The reduction percentage
1	−953	−657	-45.10%
5	−953	−657	-45.10%
9	−843	−957	11.90%
13	−843	−957	11.90%