Benchmark source Based on real-world data Artificially generated Research works using this benchmark Fatemi-Anaraki et al. [75 ] • Bio-bjective green delivery and pickup problem, Fatemi-Anaraki et al. [75 ] Raeesi and Zografos [68 ] • EVRPTW-RS-SMBS, Raeesi and Zografos [68 ] Anderluh et al. [46 ] • • 2E-VRPSyn, Anderluh et al. [46 ] Camacho-Vallejo et al. [27 ] • Green logistics biobjective bilevel problem, Camacho-Vallejo et al. [27 ] Cheaitou et al. [59 ] • STPPS, Cheaitou et al. [59 ] Fernández et al. [38 ] • MDGVRP-PD, Fernández et al. [38 ] Islam et al. [126 ] • MFGCLP, Islam et al. [126 ] Islam and Gajpal [101 ] • Mixed-fleet logistics distribution problem under emission cap, Islam and Gajpal [101 ] Jiang et al. [94 ] • MVOC, Jiang et al. [94 ] Luo et al. [102 ] • HHC with synchronized visits and carbon emissions, Luo et al. [102 ] Lyu and He [41 ] • MTHVRP-PCIC, Lyu and He [41 ] Malekkhouyan et al. [121 ] • WCVRP, Malekkhouyan et al. [121 ] Solano et al. [79 ] • VRPSPDTW, Solano et al. [79 ] Srijaroon et al. [77 ] • G-VRPMSPDTW-RT, Srijaroon et al. [77 ] Talouki et al. [26 ] • DGVRP, Talouki et al. [26 ] Trachanatzi et al. [125 ] • E-PCVRP, Trachanatzi et al. [125 ] Validi et al. [49 ] • Three-echelon distribution network, Validi et al. [49 ] Alizadeh Foroutan et al. [88 ] • GVRSP, Alizadeh Foroutan et al. [88 ] Alkaabneh et al. [30 ] • PIRP, Alkaabneh et al. [30 ] Asghari and Mirzapour Al-e-hashem [78 ] • Green delivery-pickup problem for HHMs, Asghari and Mirzapour Al-e-hashem [78 ] Arroyo et al. [69 ] • GVRP-MTPR, Arroyo et al. [69 ] Eshtehadi et al. [107 ] • • G-VRPTW, Eshtehadi et al. [107 ] Leng et al. [33 ] • LRPLCCC, Leng et al. [33 ] Liu et al. [28 ] • JD-GVRP, Liu et al. [28 ] Wei et al. [21 ] • Green DRASS with time-varying speeds, Wei et al. [21 ] Zhang et al. [109 ] • • VRPTW in cold chain distribution, Zhang et al. [109 ] Zhao et al. [84 ] • 2L-MDCVRPB, Zhao et al. [84 ] Zulvia et al. [115 ] • G-VRPTW and time dependency for perishable products, Zulvia et al. [115 ] Eshtehadi et al. [133 ] • G-VRPTW, Eshtehadi et al. [107 ] Eskandarpour et al. [65 ] • HeVRPMD, Eskandarpour et al. [65 ] Hooshmand and MirHassani [114 ] • TDGVRP-AF, Hooshmand and MirHassani [114 ] Koc et al.[55 ] • Variant of PRP, Koç et al. [55 ] Meng et al. [110 ] • Customer-oriented routing problem with environment consideration, Meng et al. [110 ] Molina et al. [123 ] • Eco-WCVRP, Molina et al. [123 ] Rezaei et al. [98 ] • G-VRPTW, Rezaei et al. [98 ] Wang et al. [37 ] • MD-GVRP, Wang et al. [37 ] de Oliveira da Costa et al. [18 ] • GVRP, de Oliveira da Costa et al. [18 ] Kargari Esfand Abad et al. [62 ] • Pickup and delivery PRP variant considering integration and consolidation shipments in cross-docking, Kargari Esfand Abad et al. [62 ] Leng et al. [32 ] • RLCLRPRCC, Leng et al. [32 ] Masmoudi et al. [99 ] • HF-VRPS, Masmoudi et al. [99 ] Sousa Matos et al. [90 ] • GVRSP-split, Sousa Matos et al. [90 ] Fang et al. [63 ] • PRPSPD, Fang et al. [63 ] Guo and Liu [58 ] • TD-PRP, Guo and Liu [58 ] Jabir et al. [35 ] • MD-GVRP, Jabir et al. [35 ] Kaabachi et al. [36 ] • GMDVRPTW, Kaabachi et al. [36 ] Liao [89 ] • Online VRP considers real-time demands, Liao [89 ] Yavuz and Çapar [24 ] • • MGVRP, Yavuz and Çapar [24 ] Zhou et al. [91 ] • Green real-life field scheduling problem, Zhou et al. [91 ] Gang et al. [87 ] • GVRSP of free picking up and delivering customers for airlines ticketing company, Gang et al. [87 ] Li et al. [42 ] • • 2E-TVRP, Li et al. [42 ] Goeke and Schneider, [134 ] • GMFVRPREC-PR, Yu et al. [71 ] Kramer et al. [53 ] • Biobjective PRP, Costa et al. [61 ]; TD-PRP, Franceschetti et al. [57 ]; PRP, FCVRP, EMVRP, Kramer et al. [53 ] Xiao and Konak [85 ] • GVRSP, Xiao and Konak [85 ] Demir et al. [52 ] • BiPRP, Demir et al. [52 ] Liu et al. [116 ] • MTHVRPP, Liu et al. [116 ] Molina et al. [95 ] • HVRP-TW, Molina et al. [95 ] Schneider et al. [135 ] • EVRPTW-RS-SMBS, Raeesi and Zografos [68 ]; GMFVRP-PRTW, Macrina et al. [72 ] Demir et al. [51 ] • CIRP under a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles, Soysal et al. [74 ]; GVRP, Soysal et al. [25 ]; CumVRP-TW, Fernández et al. [105 ]; GLRP, Dukkanci et al. [31 ]; Biobjective PRP, Costa et al. [61 ]; GSTDCVRP, Çimen and Soysal [113 ]; TD-PRP, Franceschetti et al. [57 ]; F-GVRPSPDTW, Majidi et al. [80 ]; GSTDCVRP, Soysal and Çimen [113 ]; MMPPRP-TW, Kumar et al. [60 ]; GVRSP, Xiao and Konak [86 ]; PRP, FCVRP, EMVRP, Kramer et al. [53 ]; BiPRP, Demir et al. [52 ]; FSMPRP, Koç et al. [54 ]; PRP, Demir et al. [51 ] Omidvar and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam [20 ] • Congestion in VRP with AFVs, Omidvar and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam [20 ] Perboli et al. [136 ] • 2E-CVRPSC, Mühlbauer and Fontaine [47 ]; 2E-EVRP-BSS, Jie et al. [48 ] Maden et al. [96 ] • VRPTW using time-varying data, Maden et al. [96 ] Bredstrom et al.[137 ] • VRPTW-SPFC, Ettazi et al. [111 ]; HF-VRPS, Masmoudi et al. [99 ] Iori et al. [138 ] • 2L-MDCVRPB, Zhao et al. [84 ] Li and Lim [139 ] • Green-PDPTW, Lu and Huang [82 ] Dethloff et al. [140 ] • G-VRPSPD, Olgun et al. [76 ] Gehring and Homberger [141 ] • G-VRPTW, Yu et al. [108 ]; G-VRPTW, Küçükoğlu et al. [117 ] Salhi and Nagy [142 ] • G-VRPSPD, Olgun et al. [76 ] Golden et al. [143 ] • HeVRPMD, Eskandarpour et al. [65 ]; PPRP, Suzuki [56 ]; PRP, FCVRP, EMVRP, Kramer et al. [53 ]; BSS–EV–LRP, Yang and Sun [67 ] Cordeau et al. [144 ] • 2E-CWCVRP, Liu and Liao [43 ]; MSW, Qiao et al. [119 ]; HC-MDVRP, Pérez-Bernabeu et al. [34 ] Augerat et al. [145 ] • E-PCVRP, [125 ]; HeVRPMD, Eskandarpour et al. [65 ]; WCP-MDP, Wei et al. [120 ]; BSS–EV–LRP, Yang and Sun [67 ] Chao et al. [146 ] • Bi-PVRP-SC, López-Sánchez et al. [50 ] Taillard [147 ] • • Eco-WCVRP, Molina et al. [123 ]; BSS–EV–LRP, Yang and Sun [67 ] Solomon [73 ] • 2E-VRPSyn, Anderluh et al. [46 ]; mixed-fleet logistics distribution problem under emission cap, Islam and Gajpal [101 ]; HHC with synchronized visits and carbon emissions, Luo et al. [102 ]; MTHVRP-PCIC, Lyu and He [41 ]; B-MFGVRPTW, Ren et al. [104 ]; G-VRPTW, Yu et al. [108 ]; cold chain logistics path optimization, Zhao et al. [100 ]; G-VRPTW, Sanchez et al. [103 ]; PRP, FCVRP, EMVRP, Kramer et al. [53 ]; G-VRPTW, Küçükoğlu et al. [117 ]; PRP, Demir et al. [51 ]; congestion in VRP with AFVs, Omidvar and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam [20 ] Christofides et al. [148 ] • E-PCVRP, Trachanatzi et al. [125 ]; HeVRPMD, Eskandarpour et al. [65 ]; GVRP, de Oliveira da Costa et al. [18 ]; PPRP, Suzuki [56 ]; PRP, FCVRP, EMVRP, Kramer et al. [53 ] Eilon et al. [149 ] • Bi-PVRP-SC, López-Sánchez et al. [50 ] Christofides and Eilon [150 ] • GVRP, Dewi and Utama [22 ]; 2E-CVRPSC, Mühlbauer and Fontaine [47 ]; E-PCVRP, Trachanatzi et al. [125 ]; WCP-MDP, Wei et al. [120 ]; GVRP, de Oliveira da Costa et al. [18 ] Gaskell [151 ] • GVRP, Dewi and Utama [22 ]