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| Researches | Road | Driver | Environment |
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| Our study | (1) Wider and median strip can reduce the frequency and severity of crashes
(2) Only combined with other factors, level roadway and straight alignment are related to C/NC events | (1) The females are likely to be linked with lower-severe crashes, while males are likely to be linked with severe crashes and near crashes
(2) Young age and less annual miles are more linked to crashes. However, the age does not show a strong correlation with the severity of C/NC events
(3) Improper behavior and secondary tasks are correlated with crashes
(4) Crash records and minor visual spatial disabilities are associated with the most severe events, while age, driver impairments and improper behaviors do not strongly correlate with the severity of crashes | (1) In free flow, crashes are more likely to occur
(2) Traffic control and intersections are associated with C/NC events; this is more common in residential or business/industrial areas |
| Kong et al. [31] | (1) Small radius curves are linked with run-off-the-road (ROR) crashes
(2) Large radius curves and favourable pavement conditions are associated with severe and fatal injury (KSI) crashes | (1) Female gender and young age are linked with ROR crashes, while male gender and older age are associated with KSI crashes
(2) Driver impairments and improper behaviors are two main contributing factors of KSI crashes | (1) Bad weathers are linked with ROR crashes
(2) Clear weathers are associated with KSI crashes |
| Kong et al. [30] | (1) Interstate highway or divided highway are highly associated with near crashes because of the overconfidence and secondary tasks | (1) When drivers perform secondary tasks, the main cause of near-crash events is the leading vehicle suddenly slowed or stopped. When not performing secondary tasks, lane-changing behavior is the main cause
(2) When drivers perform secondary tasks, the most common evasive maneuver of avoiding the near crash is braked only. When not performing secondary tasks, the evasive maneuver is either steered or braked and steered | (1) Drivers are more concentrated in bad environmental conditions |
| Yu et al. [25] | (1) Crashes mostly occurred in urban areas with no physical separation
(2) Crashes are more likely to occur on straight roads | (1) Male drivers are more prone to be associated with property damage than female drivers
(2) Drivers aged 16–25 are most likely to be involved in crashes
(3) Male drivers are more prone to fail to keep the vehicle under control | (1) Crashes are more likely to occur at an intersection |
| Hong et al. [27] | (1) Single-vehicle crashes are more likely induced by straight alignment | (1) Male and older drivers are highly linked to hazardous material vehicle involved crashes | (1) Dark conditions and poor visibility are two main contributing factors |
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