|
| Authors | Demand | Ridesharing | Model | Algorithm or solver |
| Real-time | Reservation | Vehicle-traveler match | Vehicle routing | Vehicle rebalancing |
|
| Fagnant and Kockelman [2] | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | Searching for the nearest vehicle | — | Four strategies based on block balance | Agent-based model simulated in C++ |
| Wang et al. [30] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Pickup and delivery problem with time Window | — | The two-phase solution heuristics |
| Alfian et al. [22] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Discrete event simulation | — | — | C++ |
| Liang et al. [31] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Integer program | — | Branch-and-cut in Xpress |
| Hu and Liu [23] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Mixed queuing network | Optimization | — | Genetic algorithm |
| Ma et al. [35] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Linear program | Cplex |
| Levin [3] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Linear program | — | Cplex |
| Mora et al. [18] | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | Linear program | Greedy assignment |
| Liu et al. [7] | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | Searching for the nearest vehicle | Activity-based agent-based simulation | — | MATSim |
| Pimenta et, al. [32] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Integer linear program | — | A greedy randomized adaptive search procedure |
| Boyaci et al. [24] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Mixed-integer linear programming | C# |
| Vazifeh et al. [19] | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | Vehicle-shareability network and path cover algorithm | — | Hopcroft–Karp algorithm |
| Li and Petering [25] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Discrete event simulation | — | C++ |
| Lu et al. [6] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Two-stage stochastic integer programming | Branch-and-cut algorithms with mixed-integer rounding-enhanced Benders cuts |
| Javanshour et al. [12] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Strategy | Fritzche model | Linear program | An agent-based traffic simulation tool |
| Segui-Gasco et al. [14] | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | Agent-based simulation | — | MATSim and IMSim |
| Dandl et al. [13] | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | Agent-based simulation | — | — |
| Strohle et al. [26] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Mixed-integer optimization | — | — | Gurobi |
| Roca-Riu and Menendez [27] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Integer programming | — | — | Branch-and-cut with Cplex |
| Molnar and Correia [28] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Optimization with a variable quality of service model | — | Simulation-based optimization | Java |
| Liu et al. [34] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Integer linear program | — | Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition. |
| Dou et al. [29] | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | Mixed-integer linear programming | — | MATLAB |
| Winter et al. [17] | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | Searching for the nearest vehicle | — | Three pro-active relocation strategies | MATSIM |
| Nahmias-Biran et al. [16] | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | Activity-based accessibility measure | Within-day simulation | — | SimMobility |
| Liang et al. [21] | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | Integer nonlinear programming model (INLP) | Lagrangian relaxation algorithm with INLP | — | Xpress |
| Su et al. [33] | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | Integer program | — | A metaheuristic tabu search method |
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