Understanding the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem and Identifying Appropriate Spatial Units while Studying the Influence of the Built Environment on the Traffic System State

Table 1

Main indicators of the 5Ds.

Variables	Main indicators of previous studies	Indicator variables of this paper	Calculation method
Density	Population density, employment density, building density	Population density	Population per square kilometer
Diversity	Land-use mix, job-housing imbalance	Land-use mix [16]
			Where HHIi is the herfindahl-hirschman index of grid i, xi is the total POI in grid i and xij is the total POI of category j in grid i
Design	Intersection density, neighborhood, road density	Intersection density	Number of intersections per grid
Destination accessibility	Accessibility to jobs, distance to CBD	Distance to CBD
			Where Ai is the destination accessibility of grid i, dij is the distance between grid i and CBDj
Distance to transit	Bus stop density, distance to transit stop	Bus stop density	Number of bus stops per grid