Optimization of Vehicle Paths considering Carbon Emissions in a Time-Varying Road Network

Table 10

Cost comparison of two distribution options.

Distribution solutions	Fixed start-up costs for vehicles	Transport distance	Cost of carbon emissions	Cost of time window violation	Total cost
Distribution options that consider carbon emissions	1,800	2,438.6254	2,080.4259	2.3011	6,221.3524
Distribution options that consider transport costs only	1,800	2,435.1007	2,204.5037	2.3011	6,441.9055