Prediction of Ship Traffic Flow and Congestion Based on Extreme Learning Machine with Whale Optimization Algorithm and Fuzzy c-Means Clustering

Table 2

Comparison of prediction of ship traffic flow between proposed and comparison methods.

Time slice	15 min			30 min			1 h
Method	MAE	RMSE	MAPE (%)	MAE	RMSE	MAPE (%)	MAE	RMSE	MAPE (%)
WOA-ELM	6.988 0	9.111 0	6.994 0	8.974 8	10.931 4	7.103 5	11.833	14.735 5	8.044 8
EMD-WOA-ELM	4.560 8	5.898 2	4.558 3	5.509 0	6.632 2	4.324 9	6.634 1	8.239 7	4.481 5
VMD-WOA-ELM	2.099 4	2.640 4	2.114 0	3.393 2	4.236 5	2.810 9	3.143 5	4.112 0	2.135 6
ELM	7.570 2	9.840 5	7.523 8	9.842 7	11.695 2	8.091 5	12.751 9	15.351	8.555 6
BP	7.420 5	9.869 5	7.402 1	9.288 6	11.922 2	7.733 5	12.454 1	15.909	8.493 3