Optimization of a Semiflexible Demand-Responsive Feeder System in Suburban Areas Using a Memetic Algorithm

Table 6

Average passenger travel time in the TFS, with optimal routes and the MA. Improvement of optimal and MA solution compared to TFS, classified according to the percentage of empty bus stops in the instance.

	TFS solution (min)	Optimal solution (min)	Optimal solution improvement (%)	MA solution (min)	MA solution improvement (%)
30% empty stops	31.5	30.2	4.2	30.5	3.2
50% empty stops	31.5	29.1	7.6	29.3	7.1
70% empty stops	31.5	27.0	14.1	27.2	13.7
Average	31.5	28.8	8.6	29.0	8.0