The Impacts of the Multiscale Built Environment on Commuting Mode Choice: Spatial Heterogeneity, Moderating Effects, and Implications for Demand Estimation

Table 1

Summary of built environment variables in the recent literature.

Literature	Neighborhood built environment
	Density	Diversity	Design	Distance to transit	Destination accessibility
Bautista-Hernandez [2]	Population density	Entropy index	Intersection density	Mass-transit system	Distance to the centre
			Flat surface
			Density of bikeway mileage
Ao et al. [23]	Building density	—	Road density and the number of nearby markets	Distance to transit mix index	Destination accessibility mix index
	Employment density
Sun et al. [24]	Population density	—	The number of 4-way intersections	—	Distance to the centre
	Job density		Road length per area
			Road length per area
Wang et al. [25]	Residential density	Land-use diversity	Green coverage rate	Proximity to transit	Distance to CBD
			Street lighting
			Paved roads rate
Eldeeb et al. [26]	—	Entropy index	Sidewalk density	—	Distance to CBD
			Bike lanes density
Wang et al. [30]	—	Land-use mix	Density in working zone	Subway proximity	—
				Bus proximity
Yang et al. [31]	Building density	Land-use mixture	Average street width	Distance to metro	—
			Bus route coverage
Ding et al. [33]	Population density	Land-use mixture	Connectivity	Distance to the nearest bus stop	Accessibility to employment
Xianyu [43]	Residential density	Land-use mixture	Green coverage	Distance to the nearest transit station	Distance to the nearest CBD
			Paved roads rate
			Street lighting
Nakshi and Debnath [44]	Population density	Dissimilarity index	Road density	Distance to the nearest bus stop	—
	Job density		3-leg intersections
			Connected node ratio
Ding et al. [54]	Residential density	Land-use mix	—	—	Distance from CBD
	Employment density
Literature	City built environment
	City size	Density	Transport infrastructure	Spatial structure	Economic
Zhu et al. [7]	—	Population density	Public transport vehicles	—	Urban rate
			Road area per capita
Nasri and Zhang [8]	Population size	Population density	Road network density	—	Average gasoline price
		Employment density
Guerra et al. [48]	Jobs-population	—	Kilometers of MRT per 100,000 people kilometers of roadway per 100,000 people	—	—
Delclòs-Alió et al. [49]	—	Population density	Intersection density	Population concentration	—
			Average circuity	Patch density
Guerra et al. [52]	Population size	—	Kilometers of MRT and meters of roadway	Spatial compactness and spatial concentration of jobs	—