The Impacts of the Multiscale Built Environment on Commuting Mode Choice: Spatial Heterogeneity, Moderating Effects, and Implications for Demand Estimation

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of the variables.

Variable	Description	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentage (%)
Commuting mode
Nonmotorized	Including walking and cycling	—	—	46.3%
Public transit	Including bus and metro	—	—	15.4%
Others	Including private car and taxi	—	—	38.3%
City level variables
GDP	ln (GDP), in billion yuan	7.95	1.34	—
Urbanization rate	Urbanization rate <50%	—	—	33.32%
	50 ≤urbanization rate <75%	—	—	41.64%
	75 ≤urbanization rate	—	—	25.04%
City population density	City population divided by city area, in 10,000 persons/km^2	0.11	0.12	—
Number of public transportation vehicles	Number of public transportation vehicles per 10,000 persons in the city	10.05	6.45	—
Metro operating mileage	Metro operating mileage = 0 km	—	—	63.09%
	0 < metro operating mileage ≤100 km	—	—	20.31%
	Metro operating mileage >100 km	—	—	16.60%
Road area per capita	The area of paved roads divided by city population, in m^2/person	17.39	7.46	—
Neighborhood level variables
Neighborhood population density	Neighborhood population density <1000 persons/km^2	—	—	37.01%
	1000 ≤neighborhood population density <5000 persons/km^2	—	—	21.51%
	5000 ≤neighborhood population density <10 000 persons/km^2	—	—	14.65%
	Neighborhood population density ≥10000 persons/km^2	—	—	26.83%
Diversity	The sum of 6 categories destinations, ranges from 1 to 6	4.06	1.61	—
Green coverage	Neighborhood average green coverage rate	45.46	26.77	—
Air quality	Air quality in the neighborhood is good	—	—	84.07%
	Air quality in the neighborhood is not good	—	—	15.93%
Distance to district centre	Distance to nearest district administrative centre, in km	17.32	28.53	—
Neighborhood location	Neighborhood located in the urban area	—	—	35.03%
	Neighborhood located in the suburban area	—	—	64.97%
Individual level variables
Gender	Male	—	—	54.92%
	Female	—	—	45.08%
Age	Age of respondents in years	42.77	12.02	—
Hukou type^a	Local hukou	—	—	83.18%
	Nonlocal hukou	—	—	16.82%
Income	Respondent’s annual income, in 10 thousand yuan	4.23	7.08	—
Car ownership	Number of household private cars >0	—	—	32.33%
	Number of household private cars = 0	—	—	67.67%
Separation of workplace and residence	Workplace and residence not in the same area	—	—	93.96%
	Workplace and residence in the same area	—	—	6.04%
Commuting time	Average one-way daily commuting time, in minutes	38.43	39.15	—

^aHukou type is a typical registration system in China, and it has a direct impact on state’s welfare and purchase qualifications of housing and vehicles.