The Impacts of the Multiscale Built Environment on Commuting Mode Choice: Spatial Heterogeneity, Moderating Effects, and Implications for Demand Estimation

Table 5

Parameters estimation results of MEM.

Variable	Nonmotorized		Public transit
	Parameters	t-test	Parameters	t-test
City level variables
GDP	−0.118	−0.72	−0.360	−1.87
Urbanization rate (reference: <50%)
50%–75%	0.611	2.13	0.478	1.29
≥75%	0.575	1.42	0.240	0.50
City population density	−1.141	−1.05	−2.000	−1.78
Number of public transportation vehicles	0.025	1.37	0.086	4.30
Metro operating mileage (reference: 0 km)
0–100 km	0.428	1.17	1.167	2.57
≥100 km	1.127	2.61	2.216	4.30
Road area per capita	−0.039	−2.83	−0.031	−1.97
Neighborhood level variables
Neighborhood population density (reference: <1000 persons/km^2)
1000–5000 persons/km^2	0.347	1.47	0.589	1.82
5000–10000 persons/km^2	0.196	0.75	1.013	3.29
≥10000 persons/km^2	0.602	2.06	0.955	2.72
Land-use diversity	−0.167	−2.93	−0.163	−2.62
Green coverage	0.011	3.70	0.012	3.82
Air quality (reference: not good)	0.560	3.44	0.905	4.04
Neighborhood location (reference: suburban)	0.564	2.81	1.166	5.13
Individual level variables
Age	0.034	9.79	−0.010	−1.88
Gender (reference: female)	−0.729	−9.24	−0.561	−5.06
Hukou type (reference: nonlocal hukou)	−0.505	−4.13	−0.046	−0.30
Income	−0.069	−6.00	−0.033	−2.88
Car ownership (reference: without car)	−0.814	−9.23	−0.946	−7.66
Separation of workplace and residence	−0.554	−5.78	0.566	4.57
Commuting time	−0.003	−1.26	0.016	5.07
Constant	2.122	2.01	0.834	0.67
Moderating effects’ terms
(i) Urbanization rate (50%–75%)	−0.014	−3.69	—	—
(ii) Urbanization rate (≥75%)	−0.012	−2.82	—	—
(iii) Neighborhood location	—	—	−0.002	−1.67
(iv) Neighborhood population density (5000–10000 persons/km^2)	−0.009	−2.20	—	—
× neighborhood population density (≥10000 persons/km^2)	−0.010	−2.41	—	—
Statistical indicator
City-level variance	0.262
Neighborhood-level variance	0.478
Log likelihood	−3607.265
AIC	7342.530