Short-Term Passenger Flow Forecasting for Rail Transit considering Chaos Theory and Improved EMD-PSO-LSTM-Combined Optimization

Table 5

Percentage improvements in the prediction results.

Predictive models	Evaluation indicators (%)
	RMSE	MAE	R^2 (%)
Improved PSO-LSTM	25.53	30.41	13.36
Improved EMD-PSO-LSTM	29.97	40.13	16.31
Improved EMD-PSO-LSTM based on chaos theory	58.76	63.08	32.30