Short-Term Passenger Flow Forecasting for Rail Transit considering Chaos Theory and Improved EMD-PSO-LSTM-Combined Optimization

Table 6

Results of various models.

Predictive models	Evaluation indicators			Algorithm run time
	RMSE	MAE	R^2 (%)	Training and testing (s)
Improved EMD-PSO-MLP	25.4751	17.5730	84.38	984.65
Improved EMD-PSO-RBF	22.2670	17.6294	86.70	1092.47
Improved EMD-PSO-DBN	17.1435	13.4770	92.15	1168.54
Improved EMD-PSO-GRU	18.5085	14.3520	91.32	945.28
Improved EMD-PSO-LSTM	16.0908	11.3704	93.96	967.53