Correcting the Cognitive Bias for Commuting Time to Relieve the Driving Stress Level in Snow Weather Condition: A Naturalistic Driving Study in Harbin, China

Table 4

Hierarchical linear multiple regression models for predicting the overall stress scores in various scenarios.

Variables (mean values)	Baseline driving scenario (clear weather conditions)					Comparative driving scenario (snow weather conditions)
	β	t		△	AIC	β	t		△	AIC
Step 1: sociodemographic characteristics (F = 10.56, )				0.00	1011				0.00	956
Age	−0.04	0.61	0.550			−0.06	−0.83	0.412
Gender (1 = male, 2 = female)	1.92	1.99	0.046			3.56	2.32	0.025
Step 2: driving experience (F = 25.91, )				0.02	985				0.03	883
Age	−0.03	0.94	0.351			−0.06	−1.19	0.233
Gender (1 = male, 2 = female)	1.72	2.01	0.041			3.85	2.33	0.020
Years licensed	−0.02	−1.08	0.282			−0.03	−1.28	0.205
Step 3: commuting driving (F = 19.48, )				0.07	963				0.09	851
Age	−0.03	−1.31	0.194			−0.05	−1.56	0.120
Gender (1 = male, 2 = female)	1.78	2.31	0.027			3.92	2.53	0.011
Years licensed	−0.02	−1.27	0.219			−0.03	−1.38	0.170
Drive frequency	−2.14	−2.73	0.006			−3.96	−2.91	0.004
Commuting trip distance	0.18	0.01	0.988			0.33	0.09	0.924
Step 4: cognitive bias for commuting time (F = 17.59, )				0.22	927				0.31	829
Age	−0.03	1.39	0.169				−1.59	0.113
Gender (1 = male, 2 = female)	1.76	2.48	0.013			3.98	2.59	0.011
Years licensed	−0.02	1.81	0.072			−0.04	1.88	0.064
Drive frequency	−3.05	−2.93	0.003			−5.16	−3.39	0.001
Commuting trip distance	0.20	0.13	0.901			0.30	0.19	0.855
Commuting time gap	5.19	3.76	0.000			5.20	4.94	0.000

Overall stress scores in baseline driving scenario (clear weather conditions): (). Overall stress scores in comparative driving scenario (snow weather conditions): (). , , .