Multivariate Statistical Analyses of Fluoride and Other Physicochemical Parameters in Groundwater Samples of Two Megacities in Asia: Lahore and Sialkot

Table 1

Basic statistics for the physicochemical parameters of drinking water samples from Lahore and Sialkot.

	pH	Cond.	Alkalinity (mg/L)	F^− (mg/L)	Cl^− (mg/L)	NO3^− (mg/L)	SO4^−2 (mg/L)	TTS (mg/L)
Lahore
Minimum	5.92	276	100	0.95	20.99	0.3	0.95	176.6
Maximum	8.42	1353	400	6	1105.3	19.8	48.52	865.9
Range	2.5	1077	300	5.05	1084.3	19.5	47.57	689.3
Mean	7.813	604.5	211.6	2.603	496.5	8.121	31.41	386.9
Median	7.88	600	180	2.3	490.9	7.4	32.37	384
Mode	7.92	383	180	2.65	240.8	4	33.37	245.1
S.D.	0.419	242.8	71.83	1.319	246.8	4.284	10.1	155.4
S.E.	0.058	33.35	9.868	0.181	34.22	0.588	1.388	21.34
Variance	0.175	58930	5160	1.74	60894	18.34	102.1	24137
Kurtosis	7.858	0.485	0.851	1.249	−0.543	0.792	2.481	0.485
Skewness	−2.329	0.809	1.212	1.485	0.339	0.844	−1.182	0.809
Sialkot
Minimum	6.2	153.6	158	1.75	285.3	2	1.16	5.8
Maximum	8.3	1217	420	4.6	1425	13.3	46	759.9
Mean	7.304	754.5	279.1	2.819	804.4	8.222	21.73	494.6
Median	7.27	751.5	280	2.925	748.4	9.4	19.44	510.2
Mode	6.54	—	180	3.3	—	9.4	—	—
SD	0.539	333.2	78.202	0.68	286.2	3.296	13.07	203.7
SE	0.085	52.68	12.365	0.108	45.25	0.521	2.067	32.2
Variance	0.291	110996	6116	0.462	81890	10.86	170.9	41481
Kurtosis	−0.458	−0.973	−1.188	−0.395	−0.668	−1.082	−1.296	−0.585
Skewness	0.024	−0.23	0.053	0.153	0.293	−0.386	0.266	−0.557