Influence of Surfactant Structure on the Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions under High-Temperature High-Salinity Conditions

Table 3

Surfactant characterization based on conductivity and dilution tests.

Surfactant	Conductivity test; (µS·cm^−1)	Dilution test	Observations
-1	4.5	O/W	Disagrees with Bancroft’s rule
-2	N/A	N/A	The surfactant is not oil-soluble
Acid Ethoxylate-1 Ether	N/A	N/A	The surfactant is not oil-soluble
Acid Ethoxylate-1 Ether	N/A	N/A	No stable emulsion formed
Acid Ethoxylate-2 Ether	1034	O/W	Disagrees with Bancroft’s rule
Acid Ethoxylate-3 Ether	20.5 × 10^3	O/W	Disagrees with Bancroft’s rule
Acid Ethoxylate-3 Ether	23.5 × 10^3	O/W	Agrees with Bancroft’s rule
-Tetrol	1072	O/W	Disagrees with Bancroft’s rule
-Tetrol	78.2 × 10^3	N/A	Agrees with Bancroft’s rule
Glycol-1 Ether	N/A	N/A	The surfactant is not oil-soluble
Glycol-1 Ether	1078	N/A	Agrees with Bancroft’s rule

dissolved in Diesel (oleic phase). dissolved in sea water (water phase); 1 µS·cm⁻¹ = 1 mS·cm⁻¹ = 1 mho·cm⁻¹ = 0.640 ppm (TDS); N/A = data not available.