Assessing the Industrial Effluent Effect on Irrigation Water Quality and Farm Soil near Kombolcha Town, Ethiopia

Table 2

Physicochemical characteristics of downstream Borkena water quality in different irrigation phases.

Parameter	Unit	1^st irrigation phase (April)	2^nd irrigation phase (May)	3^rd irrigation phase (June)	Mean
EC	dS/m	1.02	1.15	0.71	0.96
Mg^+2	mg/l	5.35	6.12	4.33	5.27
Ca^+2	mg/l	17.05	17.58	15.20	16.61
Na^+	mg/l	3.30	3.55	3.20	3.35
Cl^−	mg/l	5.00	8.00	10.00	7.67
pH	—	8.50	8.70	8.42	8.54
CO3^−2	mg/l	1.05	1.75	0.95	1.25
HCO3^−	mg/l	8.93	10.22	8.15	9.10
Fe	mg/l	4.13	5.12	3.50	4.25
Mn	mg/l	0.15	0.20	0.20	0.18
Pb	mg/l	0.49	0.53	0.40	0.47
Cu	mg/l	0.17	0.26	0.20	0.21
Cr	mg/l	0.40	0.50	0.03	0.31
Cd	mg/l	0.02	0.04	0.02	0.03
Ni	mg/l	< L.D	< L.D	< L.D	< L.D
SAR	mg/l	1.39	1.46	1.45	1.43
TDS		650.67	736.00	452.27	612.98

Ca⁺: calcium; Cd: cadmium; Cl⁻: chloride; CO₃⁻²: carbonate; Cr: chromium; Cu: copper;EC: electrical conductivity; Fe: iron; HCO₃⁻: bicarbonate; Mg⁺²: magnesium; Mn: manganese; Na⁺: sodium; Ni: nickel; Pb: lead; SAR: specific absorption rate; TDS: total dissolved solids; < L.D: less than the limit of detection.