Risk Assessment of Trace Element Contamination in Drinking Water and Agricultural Soil: A Study in Selected Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) Endemic Areas in Sri Lanka

Table 2

Statistical evaluation of counterions of the drinking water sources in the selected CKDu prevalence areas: Eppawala (EP) and Ambagaswewa (AM) GNDs and the reference (RE).

Variable	Sampling site	Mean	SE mean	Minimum	Maximum
Fluoride (mg/L)	EP	1.87	0.17	0.09	3.98
	AM	1.72	0.15	0.05	4.00
	RE	0.40	0.03	0.10	1.10
Chloride (mg/L)	EP	112	13.3	18.2	357
	AM	42.0	5.73	0.70	135
	RE	69.8	48.3	1.20	117
Bromide (mg/L)	EP	0.20	0.06	ND	1.48
	AM	0.12	0.06	ND	1.70
	RE	ND	0.00	ND	0.00
Nitrate (mg/L)	EP	3.47	0.66	ND	18.4
	AM	3.24	0.20	0.39	6.08
	RE	1.70	0.49	0.16	11.8
Phosphate (mg/L)	EP	ND	—	ND	ND
	AM	ND	—	ND	ND
	RE	ND	—	ND	ND
Sulfate (μg/L)	EP	37.2	5.60	1.30	258
	AM	31.6	3.75	ND	99.3
	RE	30.1	19.2	ND	67.0

ND: not detected.